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91 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
91 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
# nil-forgiving postfix operator !
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## Summary
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Introduce syntax to suppress typechecking errors for nilable types by ascribing them into a non-nil type.
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## Motivation
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Typechecking might not be able to figure out that a certain expression is a non-nil type, but the user might know additional context of the expression.
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Using `::` ascriptions is the current work-around for this issue, but it's much more verbose and requires providing the full type name when you only want to ascribe T? to T.
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The nil-forgiving operator will also allow chaining to be written in a very terse manner:
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```lua
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local p = a!.b!.c
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```
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instead of
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```lua
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local ((p :: Part).b :: Folder).c
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```
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Note that nil-forgiving operator is **not** a part of member access operator, it can be used in standalone expressions, indexing and other places:
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```lua
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local p = f(a!)!
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local q = b!['X']
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```
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Nil-forgiving operator can be found in some programming languages such as C# (null-forgiving or null-suppression operator) and TypeScript (non-null assertion operator).
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## Design
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To implement this, we will change the syntax of the *primaryexp*.
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Before:
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```
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primaryexp ::= prefixexp { `.' NAME | `[' exp `]' | `:' NAME funcargs | funcargs }
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```
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After:
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```
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postfixeexp ::= (`.' NAME | `[' exp `]' | `:' NAME funcargs | funcargs) [`!']
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primaryexp ::= prefixexp [`!'] { postfixeexp }
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```
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When we get the `!` token, we will wrap the expression that we have into a new AstExprNonNilAssertion node.
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An error is generated when the type of expression node this is one of the following:
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* AstExprConstantBool
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* AstExprConstantNumber
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* AstExprConstantString
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* AstExprFunction
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* AstExprTable
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This operator doesn't have any impact on the run-time behavior of the program, it will only affect the type of the expression in the typechecker.
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---
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While parsing an assignment expression starts with a *primaryexp*, it performs a check that it has an l-value based on a fixed set of AstNode types.
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Since using `!` on an l-value has no effect, we don't extend this list with the new node and will generate a specialized parse error for code like:
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```lua
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p.a! = b
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```
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---
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When operator is used on expression of a union type with a `nil` option, it removes that option from the set.
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If only one option remains, the union type is replaced with the type of a single option.
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If the type is `nil`, typechecker will generate a warning that the operator cannot be applied to the expression.
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For any other type, it has no effect and doesn't generate additional warnings.
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The reason for the last rule is to simplify movement of existing code where context in each location is slightly different.
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As an example from Roblox, instance path could dynamically change from being know to exist to be missing when script is changed in edit mode.
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## Drawbacks
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### Unnecessary operator use
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It might be useful to warn about unnecessary uses of this operator when the value cannot be `nil`, but we have no way of enabling this behavior.
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### Bad practice
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The operator might be placed by users to ignore/silence correct warnings and lower the strength of type checking that Luau provides.
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## Alternatives
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Aside from type assertion operator :: it should be possible to place `assert` function calls before the operation.
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Type refinement/constraints should handle that statement and avoid warning in the following expressions.
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But `assert` call will introduce runtime overhead without adding extra safety to the case when the type is nil at run time, in both cases an error will be thrown.
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