Sync to upstream/release/509 (#303)

- Rework transaction log used for type checking which should result in more robust type checking internals with fewer bugs - Reduce the amount of memory consumed by type checker on large module graphs - Type checker now errors on attempts to change the type of imported module fields - The return type of newproxy is now any (fixes #296) - Implement new number printing algorithm (Schubfach) which makes tostring() produce precise (round-trippable) and short decimal output up to 10x faster - Fix lua_Debug::linedefined to point to the line with the function definition instead of the first statement (fixes #265) - Fix minor bugs in Tab completion in Repl - Repl now saves/restores command history in ~/.luau_history
2024-11-15 06:15:44 +08:00 · 2022-01-06 17:46:53 -08:00 · 2022-01-06 17:46:53 -08:00 · d50b079325
commit d50b079325
parent d323237b6c
62 changed files with 3901 additions and 1375 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-^build/
-^coverage/
-^fuzz/luau.pb.*
-^crash-*
-^default.prof*
-^fuzz-*
-^luau$
-/.vs
+/build/
+/build[.-]*/
+/coverage/
+/.vs/
+/.vscode/
+/fuzz/luau.pb.*
+/crash-*
+/default.prof*
+/fuzz-*
+/luau
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Frontend.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Frontend.h
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct FrontendOptions
    // is complete.
    bool retainFullTypeGraphs = false;

-    // When true, we run typechecking twice, one in the regular mode, ond once in strict mode
+    // When true, we run typechecking twice, once in the regular mode, and once in strict mode
    // in order to get more precise type information (e.g. for autocomplete).
    bool typecheckTwice = false;
 };
@ -109,18 +109,18 @@ struct Frontend

    Frontend(FileResolver* fileResolver, ConfigResolver* configResolver, const FrontendOptions& options = {});

-    CheckResult check(const ModuleName& name); // new shininess
-    LintResult lint(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<Luau::LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});
+    CheckResult check(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<FrontendOptions> optionOverride = {}); // new shininess
+    LintResult lint(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});

    /** Lint some code that has no associated DataModel object
     *
     * Since this source fragment has no name, we cannot cache its AST.  Instead,
     * we return it to the caller to use as they wish.
     */
-    std::pair<SourceModule, LintResult> lintFragment(std::string_view source, std::optional<Luau::LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});
+    std::pair<SourceModule, LintResult> lintFragment(std::string_view source, std::optional<LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});

    CheckResult check(const SourceModule& module); // OLD.  TODO KILL
-    LintResult lint(const SourceModule& module, std::optional<Luau::LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});
+    LintResult lint(const SourceModule& module, std::optional<LintOptions> enabledLintWarnings = {});

    bool isDirty(const ModuleName& name) const;
    void markDirty(const ModuleName& name, std::vector<ModuleName>* markedDirty = nullptr);
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TxnLog.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TxnLog.h
@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #pragma once

+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
 #include "Luau/TypeVar.h"
+#include "Luau/TypePack.h"

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauShareTxnSeen);

@ -9,27 +13,28 @@ namespace Luau
 {

 // Log of where what TypeIds we are rebinding and what they used to be
-struct TxnLog
+// Remove with LuauUseCommitTxnLog
+struct DEPRECATED_TxnLog
 {
-    TxnLog()
+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog()
        : originalSeenSize(0)
        , ownedSeen()
        , sharedSeen(&ownedSeen)
    {
    }

-    explicit TxnLog(std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen)
+    explicit DEPRECATED_TxnLog(std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen)
        : originalSeenSize(sharedSeen->size())
        , ownedSeen()
        , sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
    {
    }

-    TxnLog(const TxnLog&) = delete;
-    TxnLog& operator=(const TxnLog&) = delete;
+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog(const DEPRECATED_TxnLog&) = delete;
+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog& operator=(const DEPRECATED_TxnLog&) = delete;

-    TxnLog(TxnLog&&) = default;
-    TxnLog& operator=(TxnLog&&) = default;
+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog(DEPRECATED_TxnLog&&) = default;
+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog& operator=(DEPRECATED_TxnLog&&) = default;

    void operator()(TypeId a);
    void operator()(TypePackId a);
@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ struct TxnLog

    void rollback();

-    void concat(TxnLog rhs);
+    void concat(DEPRECATED_TxnLog rhs);

    bool haveSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs);
    void pushSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs);
@ -54,4 +59,263 @@ public:
    std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen; // shared with all the descendent logs
 };

+// Pending state for a TypeVar. Generated by a TxnLog and committed via
+// TxnLog::commit.
+struct PendingType
+{
+    // The pending TypeVar state.
+    TypeVar pending;
+
+    explicit PendingType(TypeVar state)
+        : pending(std::move(state))
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+// Pending state for a TypePackVar. Generated by a TxnLog and committed via
+// TxnLog::commit.
+struct PendingTypePack
+{
+    // The pending TypePackVar state.
+    TypePackVar pending;
+
+    explicit PendingTypePack(TypePackVar state)
+        : pending(std::move(state))
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+T* getMutable(PendingType* pending)
+{
+    // We use getMutable here because this state is intended to be mutated freely.
+    return getMutable<T>(&pending->pending);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+T* getMutable(PendingTypePack* pending)
+{
+    // We use getMutable here because this state is intended to be mutated freely.
+    return getMutable<T>(&pending->pending);
+}
+
+// Log of what TypeIds we are rebinding, to be committed later.
+struct TxnLog
+{
+    TxnLog()
+        : ownedSeen()
+        , sharedSeen(&ownedSeen)
+    {
+    }
+
+    explicit TxnLog(TxnLog* parent)
+        : parent(parent)
+    {
+        if (parent)
+        {
+            sharedSeen = parent->sharedSeen;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sharedSeen = &ownedSeen;
+        }
+    }
+
+    explicit TxnLog(std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen)
+        : sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
+    {
+    }
+
+    TxnLog(TxnLog* parent, std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen)
+        : parent(parent)
+        , sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
+    {
+    }
+
+    TxnLog(const TxnLog&) = delete;
+    TxnLog& operator=(const TxnLog&) = delete;
+
+    TxnLog(TxnLog&&) = default;
+    TxnLog& operator=(TxnLog&&) = default;
+
+    // Gets an empty TxnLog pointer. This is useful for constructs that
+    // take a TxnLog, like TypePackIterator - use the empty log if you
+    // don't have a TxnLog to give it.
+    static const TxnLog* empty();
+
+    // Joins another TxnLog onto this one. You should use std::move to avoid
+    // copying the rhs TxnLog.
+    //
+    // If both logs talk about the same type, pack, or table, the rhs takes
+    // priority.
+    void concat(TxnLog rhs);
+
+    // Commits the TxnLog, rebinding all type pointers to their pending states.
+    // Clears the TxnLog afterwards.
+    void commit();
+
+    // Clears the TxnLog without committing any pending changes.
+    void clear();
+
+    // Computes an inverse of this TxnLog at the current time.
+    // This method should be called before commit is called in order to give an
+    // accurate result. Committing the inverse of a TxnLog will undo the changes
+    // made by commit, assuming the inverse log is accurate.
+    TxnLog inverse();
+
+    bool haveSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs) const;
+    void pushSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs);
+    void popSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs);
+
+    // Queues a type for modification. The original type will not change until commit
+    // is called. Use pending to get the pending state.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* queue(TypeId ty);
+
+    // Queues a type pack for modification. The original type pack will not change
+    // until commit is called. Use pending to get the pending state.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingTypePack* queue(TypePackId tp);
+
+    // Returns the pending state of a type, or nullptr if there isn't any. It is important
+    // to note that this pending state is not transitive: the pending state may reference
+    // non-pending types freely, so you may need to call pending multiple times to view the
+    // entire pending state of a type graph.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* pending(TypeId ty) const;
+
+    // Returns the pending state of a type pack, or nullptr if there isn't any. It is
+    // important to note that this pending state is not transitive: the pending state may
+    // reference non-pending types freely, so you may need to call pending multiple times
+    // to view the entire pending state of a type graph.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingTypePack* pending(TypePackId tp) const;
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a type with another type.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* replace(TypeId ty, TypeVar replacement);
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a type pack with another type pack.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingTypePack* replace(TypePackId tp, TypePackVar replacement);
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a table type with another table type that is bound
+    // to a specific value.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* bindTable(TypeId ty, std::optional<TypeId> newBoundTo);
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a type with a level with a duplicate of that type
+    // with a new type level.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* changeLevel(TypeId ty, TypeLevel newLevel);
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a type pack with a level with a duplicate of that
+    // type pack with a new type level.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingTypePack* changeLevel(TypePackId tp, TypeLevel newLevel);
+
+    // Queues a replacement of a table type with another table type with a new
+    // indexer.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    PendingType* changeIndexer(TypeId ty, std::optional<TableIndexer> indexer);
+
+    // Returns the type level of the pending state of the type, or the level of that
+    // type, if no pending state exists. If the type doesn't have a notion of a level,
+    // returns nullopt. If the pending state doesn't have a notion of a level, but the
+    // original state does, returns nullopt.
+    std::optional<TypeLevel> getLevel(TypeId ty) const;
+
+    // Follows a type, accounting for pending type states. The returned type may have
+    // pending state; you should use `pending` or `get` to find out.
+    TypeId follow(TypeId ty);
+
+    // Follows a type pack, accounting for pending type states. The returned type pack
+    // may have pending state; you should use `pending` or `get` to find out.
+    TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp) const;
+
+    // Replaces a given type's state with a new variant. Returns the new pending state
+    // of that type.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    template<typename T>
+    PendingType* replace(TypeId ty, T replacement)
+    {
+        return replace(ty, TypeVar(replacement));
+    }
+
+    // Replaces a given type pack's state with a new variant. Returns the new
+    // pending state of that type pack.
+    //
+    // The pointer returned lives until `commit` or `clear` is called.
+    template<typename T>
+    PendingTypePack* replace(TypePackId tp, T replacement)
+    {
+        return replace(tp, TypePackVar(replacement));
+    }
+
+    // Returns T if a given type or type pack is this variant, respecting the
+    // log's pending state.
+    //
+    // Do not retain this pointer; it has the potential to be invalidated when
+    // commit or clear is called.
+    template<typename T, typename TID>
+    T* getMutable(TID ty) const
+    {
+        auto* pendingTy = pending(ty);
+        if (pendingTy)
+            return Luau::getMutable<T>(pendingTy);
+
+        return Luau::getMutable<T>(ty);
+    }
+
+    // Returns whether a given type or type pack is a given state, respecting the
+    // log's pending state.
+    //
+    // This method will not assert if called on a BoundTypeVar or BoundTypePack.
+    template<typename T, typename TID>
+    bool is(TID ty) const
+    {
+        // We do not use getMutable here because this method can be called on
+        // BoundTypeVars, which triggers an assertion.
+        auto* pendingTy = pending(ty);
+        if (pendingTy)
+            return Luau::get_if<T>(&pendingTy->pending.ty) != nullptr;
+
+        return Luau::get_if<T>(&ty->ty) != nullptr;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // unique_ptr is used to give us stable pointers across insertions into the
+    // map. Otherwise, it would be really easy to accidentally invalidate the
+    // pointers returned from queue/pending.
+    //
+    // We can't use a DenseHashMap here because we need a non-const iterator
+    // over the map when we concatenate.
+    std::unordered_map<TypeId, std::unique_ptr<PendingType>> typeVarChanges;
+    std::unordered_map<TypePackId, std::unique_ptr<PendingTypePack>> typePackChanges;
+
+    TxnLog* parent = nullptr;
+
+    // Owned version of sharedSeen. This should not be accessed directly in
+    // TxnLogs; use sharedSeen instead. This field exists because in the tree
+    // of TxnLogs, the root must own its seen set. In all descendant TxnLogs,
+    // this is an empty vector.
+    std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>> ownedSeen;
+
+public:
+    // Used to avoid infinite recursion when types are cyclic.
+    // Shared with all the descendent TxnLogs.
+    std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen;
+};
+
 } // namespace Luau
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeInfer.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeInfer.h
@ -198,32 +198,32 @@ struct TypeChecker
     */
    TypeId anyIfNonstrict(TypeId ty) const;

-    /** Attempt to unify the types left and right.  Treat any failures as type errors
-     * in the final typecheck report.
+    /** Attempt to unify the types.
+     * Treat any failures as type errors in the final typecheck report.
     */
-    bool unify(TypeId left, TypeId right, const Location& location);
-    bool unify(TypePackId left, TypePackId right, const Location& location, CountMismatch::Context ctx = CountMismatch::Context::Arg);
+    bool unify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location);
+    bool unify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location, CountMismatch::Context ctx = CountMismatch::Context::Arg);

-    /** Attempt to unify the types left and right.
-     * If this fails, and the right type can be instantiated, do so and try unification again.
+    /** Attempt to unify the types.
+     * If this fails, and the subTy type can be instantiated, do so and try unification again.
     */
-    bool unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId left, TypeId right, const Location& location);
-    void unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId left, TypeId right, Unifier& state);
+    bool unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location);
+    void unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, Unifier& state);

-    /** Attempt to unify left with right.
+    /** Attempt to unify.
     * If there are errors, undo everything and return the errors.
     * If there are no errors, commit and return an empty error vector.
     */
-    ErrorVec tryUnify(TypeId left, TypeId right, const Location& location);
-    ErrorVec tryUnify(TypePackId left, TypePackId right, const Location& location);
+    template<typename Id>
+    ErrorVec tryUnify_(Id subTy, Id superTy, const Location& location);
+    ErrorVec tryUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location);
+    ErrorVec tryUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location);

    // Test whether the two type vars unify.  Never commits the result.
-    ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, const Location& location);
-    ErrorVec canUnify(TypePackId superTy, TypePackId subTy, const Location& location);
-
-    // Variant that takes a preexisting 'seen' set.  We need this in certain cases to avoid infinitely recursing
-    // into cyclic types.
-    ErrorVec canUnify(const std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>& seen, TypeId left, TypeId right, const Location& location);
+    template<typename Id>
+    ErrorVec canUnify_(Id subTy, Id superTy, const Location& location);
+    ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location);
+    ErrorVec canUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location);

    std::optional<TypeId> findMetatableEntry(TypeId type, std::string entry, const Location& location);
    std::optional<TypeId> findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, Name name, const Location& location);
@ -237,12 +237,6 @@ struct TypeChecker
    std::optional<TypeId> tryStripUnionFromNil(TypeId ty);
    TypeId stripFromNilAndReport(TypeId ty, const Location& location);

-    template<typename Id>
-    ErrorVec tryUnify_(Id left, Id right, const Location& location);
-
-    template<typename Id>
-    ErrorVec canUnify_(Id left, Id right, const Location& location);
-
 public:
    /*
     * Convert monotype into a a polytype, by replacing any metavariables in descendant scopes
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypePack.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypePack.h
@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ struct VariadicTypePack;

 struct TypePackVar;

+struct TxnLog;
+
 using TypePackId = const TypePackVar*;
 using FreeTypePack = Unifiable::Free;
 using BoundTypePack = Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>;
@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ struct TypePackIterator

    TypePackIterator() = default;
    explicit TypePackIterator(TypePackId tp);
+    TypePackIterator(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog* log);

    TypePackIterator& operator++();
    TypePackIterator operator++(int);
@ -104,9 +107,13 @@ private:
    TypePackId currentTypePack = nullptr;
    const TypePack* tp = nullptr;
    size_t currentIndex = 0;
+
+    // Only used if LuauUseCommittingTxnLog is true.
+    const TxnLog* log;
 };

 TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp);
+TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log);
 TypePackIterator end(TypePackId tp);

 using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<void*, void*>>;
@ -114,6 +121,7 @@ using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<void*, void*>>;
 bool areEqual(SeenSet& seen, const TypePackVar& lhs, const TypePackVar& rhs);

 TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp);
+TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp, std::function<TypePackId(TypePackId)> mapper);

 size_t size(TypePackId tp);
 bool finite(TypePackId tp);
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeVar.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeVar.h
@ -453,6 +453,7 @@ bool areEqual(SeenSet& seen, const TypeVar& lhs, const TypeVar& rhs);

 // Follow BoundTypeVars until we get to something real
 TypeId follow(TypeId t);
+TypeId follow(TypeId t, std::function<TypeId(TypeId)> mapper);

 std::vector<TypeId> flattenIntersection(TypeId ty);

--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypedAllocator.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypedAllocator.h
@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <memory>

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart)
+
 namespace Luau
 {

@ -20,6 +22,9 @@ class TypedAllocator
 public:
    TypedAllocator()
    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart)
+            currentBlockSize = kBlockSize;
+        else
            appendBlock();
    }

@ -59,11 +64,17 @@ public:

    bool empty() const
    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart)
+            return stuff.empty();
+        else
            return stuff.size() == 1 && currentBlockSize == 0;
    }

    size_t size() const
    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart)
+            return stuff.empty() ? 0 : kBlockSize * (stuff.size() - 1) + currentBlockSize;
+        else
            return kBlockSize * (stuff.size() - 1) + currentBlockSize;
    }

@ -72,6 +83,10 @@ public:
        if (frozen)
            unfreeze();
        free();
+
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart)
+            currentBlockSize = kBlockSize;
+        else
            appendBlock();
    }

--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ struct Unifier
    Mode mode;
    ScopePtr globalScope; // sigh.  Needed solely to get at string's metatable.

+    DEPRECATED_TxnLog DEPRECATED_log;
    TxnLog log;
    ErrorVec errors;
    Location location;
@ -33,44 +34,45 @@ struct Unifier

    UnifierSharedState& sharedState;

-    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, ScopePtr globalScope, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState);
+    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, ScopePtr globalScope, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState,
+        TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);
    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, ScopePtr globalScope, std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>* sharedSeen, const Location& location,
-        Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState);
+        Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState, TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);

    // Test whether the two type vars unify.  Never commits the result.
-    ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy);
-    ErrorVec canUnify(TypePackId superTy, TypePackId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
+    ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    ErrorVec canUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);

-    /** Attempt to unify left with right.
+    /** Attempt to unify.
     * Populate the vector errors with any type errors that may arise.
     * Populate the transaction log with the set of TypeIds that need to be reset to undo the unification attempt.
     */
-    void tryUnify(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false, bool isIntersection = false);
+    void tryUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false, bool isIntersection = false);

 private:
-    void tryUnify_(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false, bool isIntersection = false);
-    void tryUnifyPrimitives(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy);
-    void tryUnifySingletons(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy);
-    void tryUnifyFunctions(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
-    void tryUnifyTables(TypeId left, TypeId right, bool isIntersection = false);
-    void DEPRECATED_tryUnifyTables(TypeId left, TypeId right, bool isIntersection = false);
-    void tryUnifyFreeTable(TypeId free, TypeId other);
-    void tryUnifySealedTables(TypeId left, TypeId right, bool isIntersection);
-    void tryUnifyWithMetatable(TypeId metatable, TypeId other, bool reversed);
-    void tryUnifyWithClass(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, bool reversed);
-    void tryUnify(const TableIndexer& superIndexer, const TableIndexer& subIndexer);
+    void tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false, bool isIntersection = false);
+    void tryUnifyPrimitives(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    void tryUnifySingletons(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    void tryUnifyFunctions(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
+    void tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection = false);
+    void DEPRECATED_tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection = false);
+    void tryUnifyFreeTable(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    void tryUnifySealedTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection);
+    void tryUnifyWithMetatable(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed);
+    void tryUnifyWithClass(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed);
+    void tryUnifyIndexer(const TableIndexer& subIndexer, const TableIndexer& superIndexer);
    TypeId deeplyOptional(TypeId ty, std::unordered_map<TypeId, TypeId> seen = {});
-    void cacheResult(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy);
+    void cacheResult(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);

 public:
-    void tryUnify(TypePackId superTy, TypePackId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
+    void tryUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);

 private:
-    void tryUnify_(TypePackId superTy, TypePackId subTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
-    void tryUnifyVariadics(TypePackId superTy, TypePackId subTy, bool reversed, int subOffset = 0);
+    void tryUnify_(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, bool isFunctionCall = false);
+    void tryUnifyVariadics(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, bool reversed, int subOffset = 0);

-    void tryUnifyWithAny(TypeId any, TypeId ty);
-    void tryUnifyWithAny(TypePackId any, TypePackId ty);
+    void tryUnifyWithAny(TypeId subTy, TypeId anyTy);
+    void tryUnifyWithAny(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId anyTp);

    std::optional<TypeId> findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, Name name);

--- a/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp
@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauIfElseExpressionAnalysisSupport)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAutocompleteAvoidMutation, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAutocompletePreferToCallFunctions, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAutocompleteFirstArg, false);
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompleteBrokenStringParams, false);

 static const std::unordered_set<std::string> kStatementStartingKeywords = {
    "while", "if", "local", "repeat", "function", "do", "for", "return", "break", "continue", "type", "export"};
@ -236,28 +238,31 @@ static TypeCorrectKind checkTypeCorrectKind(const Module& module, TypeArena* typ
 {
    ty = follow(ty);

-    auto canUnify = [&typeArena, &module](TypeId expectedType, TypeId actualType) {
+    auto canUnify = [&typeArena, &module](TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy) {
        InternalErrorReporter iceReporter;
        UnifierSharedState unifierState(&iceReporter);
        Unifier unifier(typeArena, Mode::Strict, module.getModuleScope(), Location(), Variance::Covariant, unifierState);

-        if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteAvoidMutation)
+        if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteAvoidMutation && !FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
        {
            SeenTypes seenTypes;
            SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
            CloneState cloneState;
-            expectedType = clone(expectedType, *typeArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
-            actualType = clone(actualType, *typeArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+            superTy = clone(superTy, *typeArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+            subTy = clone(subTy, *typeArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);

-            auto errors = unifier.canUnify(expectedType, actualType);
+            auto errors = unifier.canUnify(subTy, superTy);
            return errors.empty();
        }
        else
        {
-            unifier.tryUnify(expectedType, actualType);
+            unifier.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);

            bool ok = unifier.errors.empty();
-            unifier.log.rollback();
+
+            if (!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+                unifier.DEPRECATED_log.rollback();
+
            return ok;
        }
    };
@ -293,22 +298,22 @@ static TypeCorrectKind checkTypeCorrectKind(const Module& module, TypeArena* typ
        {
            auto [retHead, retTail] = flatten(ftv->retType);

-            if (!retHead.empty() && canUnify(expectedType, retHead.front()))
+            if (!retHead.empty() && canUnify(retHead.front(), expectedType))
                return TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult;

            // We might only have a variadic tail pack, check if the element is compatible
            if (retTail)
            {
-                if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*retTail)); vtp && canUnify(expectedType, vtp->ty))
+                if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*retTail)); vtp && canUnify(vtp->ty, expectedType))
                    return TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult;
            }
        }

-        return canUnify(expectedType, ty) ? TypeCorrectKind::Correct : TypeCorrectKind::None;
+        return canUnify(ty, expectedType) ? TypeCorrectKind::Correct : TypeCorrectKind::None;
    }
    else
    {
-        if (canUnify(expectedType, ty))
+        if (canUnify(ty, expectedType))
            return TypeCorrectKind::Correct;

        // We also want to suggest functions that return compatible result
@ -320,13 +325,13 @@ static TypeCorrectKind checkTypeCorrectKind(const Module& module, TypeArena* typ
        auto [retHead, retTail] = flatten(ftv->retType);

        if (!retHead.empty())
-            return canUnify(expectedType, retHead.front()) ? TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult : TypeCorrectKind::None;
+            return canUnify(retHead.front(), expectedType) ? TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult : TypeCorrectKind::None;

        // We might only have a variadic tail pack, check if the element is compatible
        if (retTail)
        {
            if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*retTail)))
-                return canUnify(expectedType, vtp->ty) ? TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult : TypeCorrectKind::None;
+                return canUnify(vtp->ty, expectedType) ? TypeCorrectKind::CorrectFunctionResult : TypeCorrectKind::None;
        }

        return TypeCorrectKind::None;
@ -1319,7 +1324,7 @@ static std::optional<AutocompleteEntryMap> autocompleteStringParams(const Source
        return std::nullopt;
    }

-    if (!nodes.back()->is<AstExprConstantString>())
+    if (!nodes.back()->is<AstExprConstantString>() && (!FFlag::LuauCompleteBrokenStringParams || !nodes.back()->is<AstExprError>()))
    {
        return std::nullopt;
    }
--- a/Analysis/src/EmbeddedBuiltinDefinitions.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/EmbeddedBuiltinDefinitions.cpp
@ -138,12 +138,7 @@ declare function gcinfo(): number
            -- (nil, string).
            declare function loadstring<A...>(src: string, chunkname: string?): (((A...) -> any)?, string?)

-            -- a userdata object is "roughly" the same as a sealed empty table
-            -- except `type(newproxy(false))` evaluates to "userdata" so we may need another special type here too.
-            -- another important thing to note: the value passed in conditionally creates an empty metatable, and you have to use getmetatable, NOT
-            -- setmetatable.
-            -- FIXME: change this to something Luau can understand how to reject `setmetatable(newproxy(false or true), {})`.
-            declare function newproxy(mt: boolean?): {}
+            declare function newproxy(mt: boolean?): any

            declare coroutine: {
                create: <A..., R...>((A...) -> R...) -> thread,
--- a/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp
@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ FrontendModuleResolver::FrontendModuleResolver(Frontend* frontend)
 {
 }

-CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name)
+CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<FrontendOptions> optionOverride)
 {
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_SCOPE("Frontend::check", "Frontend");
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("name", name.c_str());
@ -372,6 +372,8 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name)
    std::vector<ModuleName> buildQueue;
    bool cycleDetected = parseGraph(buildQueue, checkResult, name);

+    FrontendOptions frontendOptions = optionOverride.value_or(options);
+
    // Keep track of which AST nodes we've reported cycles in
    std::unordered_set<AstNode*> reportedCycles;

@ -411,31 +413,11 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name)
        // If we're typechecking twice, we do so.
        // The second typecheck is always in strict mode with DM awareness
        // to provide better typen information for IDE features.
-        if (options.typecheckTwice)
+        if (frontendOptions.typecheckTwice)
        {
            ModulePtr moduleForAutocomplete = typeCheckerForAutocomplete.check(sourceModule, Mode::Strict);
            moduleResolverForAutocomplete.modules[moduleName] = moduleForAutocomplete;
        }
-        else if (options.retainFullTypeGraphs && options.typecheckTwice && mode != Mode::Strict)
-        {
-            ModulePtr strictModule = typeChecker.check(sourceModule, Mode::Strict, environmentScope);
-            module->astTypes.clear();
-            module->astOriginalCallTypes.clear();
-            module->astExpectedTypes.clear();
-
-            SeenTypes seenTypes;
-            SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
-            CloneState cloneState;
-
-            for (const auto& [expr, strictTy] : strictModule->astTypes)
-                module->astTypes[expr] = clone(strictTy, module->interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
-
-            for (const auto& [expr, strictTy] : strictModule->astOriginalCallTypes)
-                module->astOriginalCallTypes[expr] = clone(strictTy, module->interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
-
-            for (const auto& [expr, strictTy] : strictModule->astExpectedTypes)
-                module->astExpectedTypes[expr] = clone(strictTy, module->interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
-        }

        stats.timeCheck += getTimestamp() - timestamp;
        stats.filesStrict += mode == Mode::Strict;
@ -444,7 +426,7 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name)
        if (module == nullptr)
            throw std::runtime_error("Frontend::check produced a nullptr module for " + moduleName);

-        if (!options.retainFullTypeGraphs)
+        if (!frontendOptions.retainFullTypeGraphs)
        {
            // copyErrors needs to allocate into interfaceTypes as it copies
            // types out of internalTypes, so we unfreeze it here.
--- a/Analysis/src/Module.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Module.cpp
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@

 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauFreezeArena, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauTrackOwningArena, false)
-LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit, 0)
+LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit, 300)

 namespace Luau
 {
--- a/Analysis/src/Quantify.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Quantify.cpp
@ -4,8 +4,6 @@

 #include "Luau/VisitTypeVar.h"

-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauQuantifyVisitOnce, false)
-
 namespace Luau
 {

@ -81,16 +79,8 @@ struct Quantifier
 void quantify(ModulePtr module, TypeId ty, TypeLevel level)
 {
    Quantifier q{std::move(module), level};
-
-    if (FFlag::LuauQuantifyVisitOnce)
-    {
    DenseHashSet<void*> seen{nullptr};
    visitTypeVarOnce(ty, q, seen);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        visitTypeVar(ty, q);
-    }

    FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);
    LUAU_ASSERT(ftv);
--- a/Analysis/src/ToString.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/ToString.cpp
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include <stdexcept>

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauOccursCheckOkWithRecursiveFunctions)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFunctionArgumentNameSize, false)

 /*
 * Prefix generic typenames with gen-
@ -766,24 +765,12 @@ struct TypePackStringifier
            else
                state.emit(", ");

-            if (FFlag::LuauFunctionArgumentNameSize)
-            {
            if (elemIndex < elemNames.size() && elemNames[elemIndex])
            {
                state.emit(elemNames[elemIndex]->name);
                state.emit(": ");
            }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                LUAU_ASSERT(elemNames.empty() || elemIndex < elemNames.size());

-                if (!elemNames.empty() && elemNames[elemIndex])
-                {
-                    state.emit(elemNames[elemIndex]->name);
-                    state.emit(": ");
-                }
-            }
            elemIndex++;

            stringify(typeId);
@ -1151,8 +1138,6 @@ std::string toStringNamedFunction(const std::string& prefix, const FunctionTypeV
            s += ", ";
        first = false;

-        if (FFlag::LuauFunctionArgumentNameSize)
-        {
        // We don't currently respect opts.functionTypeArguments. I don't think this function should.
        if (argNameIter != ftv.argNames.end())
        {
@ -1163,26 +1148,9 @@ std::string toStringNamedFunction(const std::string& prefix, const FunctionTypeV
        {
            s += "_: ";
        }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // argNames is guaranteed to be equal to argTypes iff argNames is not empty.
-            // We don't currently respect opts.functionTypeArguments. I don't think this function should.
-            if (!ftv.argNames.empty())
-                s += (*argNameIter ? (*argNameIter)->name : "_") + ": ";
-        }

        s += toString_(*argPackIter);
        ++argPackIter;
-
-        if (!FFlag::LuauFunctionArgumentNameSize)
-        {
-            if (!ftv.argNames.empty())
-            {
-                LUAU_ASSERT(argNameIter != ftv.argNames.end());
-                ++argNameIter;
-            }
-        }
    }

    if (argPackIter.tail())
--- a/Analysis/src/TxnLog.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TxnLog.cpp
@ -4,27 +4,34 @@
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"

 #include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog, false)

 namespace Luau
 {

-void TxnLog::operator()(TypeId a)
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::operator()(TypeId a)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    typeVarChanges.emplace_back(a, *a);
 }

-void TxnLog::operator()(TypePackId a)
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::operator()(TypePackId a)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    typePackChanges.emplace_back(a, *a);
 }

-void TxnLog::operator()(TableTypeVar* a)
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::operator()(TableTypeVar* a)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    tableChanges.emplace_back(a, a->boundTo);
 }

-void TxnLog::rollback()
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::rollback()
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    for (auto it = typeVarChanges.rbegin(); it != typeVarChanges.rend(); ++it)
        std::swap(*asMutable(it->first), it->second);

@ -38,8 +45,9 @@ void TxnLog::rollback()
    sharedSeen->resize(originalSeenSize);
 }

-void TxnLog::concat(TxnLog rhs)
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::concat(DEPRECATED_TxnLog rhs)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    typeVarChanges.insert(typeVarChanges.end(), rhs.typeVarChanges.begin(), rhs.typeVarChanges.end());
    rhs.typeVarChanges.clear();

@ -50,23 +58,298 @@ void TxnLog::concat(TxnLog rhs)
    rhs.tableChanges.clear();
 }

-bool TxnLog::haveSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
+bool DEPRECATED_TxnLog::haveSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
    return (sharedSeen->end() != std::find(sharedSeen->begin(), sharedSeen->end(), sortedPair));
 }

+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::pushSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
+    sharedSeen->push_back(sortedPair);
+}
+
+void DEPRECATED_TxnLog::popSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(sortedPair == sharedSeen->back());
+    sharedSeen->pop_back();
+}
+
+static const TxnLog emptyLog;
+
+const TxnLog* TxnLog::empty()
+{
+    return &emptyLog;
+}
+
+void TxnLog::concat(TxnLog rhs)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    for (auto& [ty, rep] : rhs.typeVarChanges)
+        typeVarChanges[ty] = std::move(rep);
+
+    for (auto& [tp, rep] : rhs.typePackChanges)
+        typePackChanges[tp] = std::move(rep);
+}
+
+void TxnLog::commit()
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    for (auto& [ty, rep] : typeVarChanges)
+        *asMutable(ty) = rep.get()->pending;
+
+    for (auto& [tp, rep] : typePackChanges)
+        *asMutable(tp) = rep.get()->pending;
+
+    clear();
+}
+
+void TxnLog::clear()
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    typeVarChanges.clear();
+    typePackChanges.clear();
+}
+
+TxnLog TxnLog::inverse()
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    TxnLog inversed(sharedSeen);
+
+    for (auto& [ty, _rep] : typeVarChanges)
+        inversed.typeVarChanges[ty] = std::make_unique<PendingType>(*ty);
+
+    for (auto& [tp, _rep] : typePackChanges)
+        inversed.typePackChanges[tp] = std::make_unique<PendingTypePack>(*tp);
+
+    return inversed;
+}
+
+bool TxnLog::haveSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs) const
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
+    if (sharedSeen->end() != std::find(sharedSeen->begin(), sharedSeen->end(), sortedPair))
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (parent)
+    {
+        return parent->haveSeen(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 void TxnLog::pushSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
    sharedSeen->push_back(sortedPair);
 }

 void TxnLog::popSeen(TypeId lhs, TypeId rhs)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
    const std::pair<TypeId, TypeId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
    LUAU_ASSERT(sortedPair == sharedSeen->back());
    sharedSeen->pop_back();
 }

+PendingType* TxnLog::queue(TypeId ty)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!ty->persistent);
+
+    // Explicitly don't look in ancestors. If we have discovered something new
+    // about this type, we don't want to mutate the parent's state.
+    auto& pending = typeVarChanges[ty];
+    if (!pending)
+        pending = std::make_unique<PendingType>(*ty);
+
+    return pending.get();
+}
+
+PendingTypePack* TxnLog::queue(TypePackId tp)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!tp->persistent);
+
+    // Explicitly don't look in ancestors. If we have discovered something new
+    // about this type, we don't want to mutate the parent's state.
+    auto& pending = typePackChanges[tp];
+    if (!pending)
+        pending = std::make_unique<PendingTypePack>(*tp);
+
+    return pending.get();
+}
+
+PendingType* TxnLog::pending(TypeId ty) const
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    for (const TxnLog* current = this; current; current = current->parent)
+    {
+        if (auto it = current->typeVarChanges.find(ty); it != current->typeVarChanges.end())
+            return it->second.get();
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+PendingTypePack* TxnLog::pending(TypePackId tp) const
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    for (const TxnLog* current = this; current; current = current->parent)
+    {
+        if (auto it = current->typePackChanges.find(tp); it != current->typePackChanges.end())
+            return it->second.get();
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+PendingType* TxnLog::replace(TypeId ty, TypeVar replacement)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    PendingType* newTy = queue(ty);
+    newTy->pending = replacement;
+    return newTy;
+}
+
+PendingTypePack* TxnLog::replace(TypePackId tp, TypePackVar replacement)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    PendingTypePack* newTp = queue(tp);
+    newTp->pending = replacement;
+    return newTp;
+}
+
+PendingType* TxnLog::bindTable(TypeId ty, std::optional<TypeId> newBoundTo)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(get<TableTypeVar>(ty));
+
+    PendingType* newTy = queue(ty);
+    if (TableTypeVar* ttv = Luau::getMutable<TableTypeVar>(newTy))
+        ttv->boundTo = newBoundTo;
+
+    return newTy;
+}
+
+PendingType* TxnLog::changeLevel(TypeId ty, TypeLevel newLevel)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(get<FreeTypeVar>(ty) || get<TableTypeVar>(ty) || get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty));
+
+    PendingType* newTy = queue(ty);
+    if (FreeTypeVar* ftv = Luau::getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(newTy))
+    {
+        ftv->level = newLevel;
+    }
+    else if (TableTypeVar* ttv = Luau::getMutable<TableTypeVar>(newTy))
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ttv->state == TableState::Free || ttv->state == TableState::Generic);
+        ttv->level = newLevel;
+    }
+    else if (FunctionTypeVar* ftv = Luau::getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(newTy))
+    {
+        ftv->level = newLevel;
+    }
+
+    return newTy;
+}
+
+PendingTypePack* TxnLog::changeLevel(TypePackId tp, TypeLevel newLevel)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(get<FreeTypePack>(tp));
+
+    PendingTypePack* newTp = queue(tp);
+    if (FreeTypePack* ftp = Luau::getMutable<FreeTypePack>(newTp))
+    {
+        ftp->level = newLevel;
+    }
+
+    return newTp;
+}
+
+PendingType* TxnLog::changeIndexer(TypeId ty, std::optional<TableIndexer> indexer)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(get<TableTypeVar>(ty));
+
+    PendingType* newTy = queue(ty);
+    if (TableTypeVar* ttv = Luau::getMutable<TableTypeVar>(newTy))
+    {
+        ttv->indexer = indexer;
+    }
+
+    return newTy;
+}
+
+std::optional<TypeLevel> TxnLog::getLevel(TypeId ty) const
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    if (FreeTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
+        return ftv->level;
+    else if (TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty); ttv && (ttv->state == TableState::Free || ttv->state == TableState::Generic))
+        return ttv->level;
+    else if (FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+        return ftv->level;
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+TypeId TxnLog::follow(TypeId ty)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    return Luau::follow(ty, [this](TypeId ty) {
+        PendingType* state = this->pending(ty);
+
+        if (state == nullptr)
+            return ty;
+
+        // Ugly: Fabricate a TypeId that doesn't adhere to most of the invariants
+        // that normally apply. This is safe because follow will only call get<>
+        // on the returned pointer.
+        return const_cast<const TypeVar*>(&state->pending);
+    });
+}
+
+TypePackId TxnLog::follow(TypePackId tp) const
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    return Luau::follow(tp, [this](TypePackId tp) {
+        PendingTypePack* state = this->pending(tp);
+
+        if (state == nullptr)
+            return tp;
+
+        // Ugly: Fabricate a TypePackId that doesn't adhere to most of the
+        // invariants that normally apply. This is safe because follow will
+        // only call get<> on the returned pointer.
+        return const_cast<const TypePackVar*>(&state->pending);
+    });
+}
+
 } // namespace Luau
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp
--- a/Analysis/src/TypePack.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypePack.cpp
@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"

+#include "Luau/TxnLog.h"
+
 #include <stdexcept>

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+
 namespace Luau
 {

@ -35,16 +39,30 @@ TypePackVar& TypePackVar::operator=(TypePackVariant&& tp)
 }

 TypePackIterator::TypePackIterator(TypePackId typePack)
+    : TypePackIterator(typePack, TxnLog::empty())
+{
+}
+
+TypePackIterator::TypePackIterator(TypePackId typePack, const TxnLog* log)
    : currentTypePack(follow(typePack))
    , tp(get<TypePack>(currentTypePack))
    , currentIndex(0)
+    , log(log)
 {
    while (tp && tp->head.empty())
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+        {
+            currentTypePack = tp->tail ? log->follow(*tp->tail) : nullptr;
+            tp = currentTypePack ? log->getMutable<TypePack>(currentTypePack) : nullptr;
+        }
+        else
        {
            currentTypePack = tp->tail ? follow(*tp->tail) : nullptr;
            tp = currentTypePack ? get<TypePack>(currentTypePack) : nullptr;
        }
    }
+}

 TypePackIterator& TypePackIterator::operator++()
 {
@ -52,9 +70,18 @@ TypePackIterator& TypePackIterator::operator++()

    ++currentIndex;
    while (tp && currentIndex >= tp->head.size())
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+        {
+            currentTypePack = tp->tail ? log->follow(*tp->tail) : nullptr;
+            tp = currentTypePack ? log->getMutable<TypePack>(currentTypePack) : nullptr;
+        }
+        else
        {
            currentTypePack = tp->tail ? follow(*tp->tail) : nullptr;
            tp = currentTypePack ? get<TypePack>(currentTypePack) : nullptr;
+        }
+
        currentIndex = 0;
    }

@ -95,6 +122,11 @@ TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp)
    return TypePackIterator{tp};
 }

+TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log)
+{
+    return TypePackIterator{tp, log};
+}
+
 TypePackIterator end(TypePackId tp)
 {
    return TypePackIterator{};
@ -160,8 +192,15 @@ bool areEqual(SeenSet& seen, const TypePackVar& lhs, const TypePackVar& rhs)

 TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp)
 {
-    auto advance = [](TypePackId ty) -> std::optional<TypePackId> {
-        if (const Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>* btv = get<Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>>(ty))
+    return follow(tp, [](TypePackId t) {
+        return t;
+    });
+}
+
+TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp, std::function<TypePackId(TypePackId)> mapper)
+{
+    auto advance = [&mapper](TypePackId ty) -> std::optional<TypePackId> {
+        if (const Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>* btv = get<Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>>(mapper(ty)))
            return btv->boundTo;
        else
            return std::nullopt;
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeVar.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeVar.cpp
@ -31,17 +31,24 @@ std::optional<ExprResult<TypePackId>> magicFunctionFormat(

 TypeId follow(TypeId t)
 {
-    auto advance = [](TypeId ty) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
-        if (auto btv = get<Unifiable::Bound<TypeId>>(ty))
+    return follow(t, [](TypeId t) {
+        return t;
+    });
+}
+
+TypeId follow(TypeId t, std::function<TypeId(TypeId)> mapper)
+{
+    auto advance = [&mapper](TypeId ty) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
+        if (auto btv = get<Unifiable::Bound<TypeId>>(mapper(ty)))
            return btv->boundTo;
-        else if (auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(ty))
+        else if (auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(mapper(ty)))
            return ttv->boundTo;
        else
            return std::nullopt;
    };

-    auto force = [](TypeId ty) {
-        if (auto ltv = get_if<LazyTypeVar>(&ty->ty))
+    auto force = [&mapper](TypeId ty) {
+        if (auto ltv = get_if<LazyTypeVar>(&mapper(ty)->ty))
        {
            TypeId res = ltv->thunk();
            if (get<LazyTypeVar>(res))
@ -1004,7 +1011,7 @@ std::optional<ExprResult<TypePackId>> magicFunctionFormat(
    {
        Location location = expr.args.data[std::min(i + dataOffset, expr.args.size - 1)]->location;

-        typechecker.unify(expected[i], params[i + paramOffset], location);
+        typechecker.unify(params[i + paramOffset], expected[i], location);
    }

    // if we know the argument count or if we have too many arguments for sure, we can issue an error
--- a/Analysis/src/TypedAllocator.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypedAllocator.cpp
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ const size_t kPageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 #include <stdlib.h>

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauFreezeArena)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTypedAllocatorZeroStart, false)

 namespace Luau
 {
--- a/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
--- a/Ast/include/Luau/Common.h
+++ b/Ast/include/Luau/Common.h
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 namespace Luau
 {

-using AssertHandler = int (*)(const char* expression, const char* file, int line);
+using AssertHandler = int (*)(const char* expression, const char* file, int line, const char* function);

 inline AssertHandler& assertHandler()
 {
@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ inline AssertHandler& assertHandler()
    return handler;
 }

-inline int assertCallHandler(const char* expression, const char* file, int line)
+inline int assertCallHandler(const char* expression, const char* file, int line, const char* function)
 {
    if (AssertHandler handler = assertHandler())
-        return handler(expression, file, line);
+        return handler(expression, file, line, function);

    return 1;
 }
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ inline int assertCallHandler(const char* expression, const char* file, int line)
 } // namespace Luau

 #if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(LUAU_ENABLE_ASSERT)
-#define LUAU_ASSERT(expr) ((void)(!!(expr) || (Luau::assertCallHandler(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__) && (LUAU_DEBUGBREAK(), 0))))
+#define LUAU_ASSERT(expr) ((void)(!!(expr) || (Luau::assertCallHandler(#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__) && (LUAU_DEBUGBREAK(), 0))))
 #define LUAU_ASSERTENABLED
 #else
 #define LUAU_ASSERT(expr) (void)sizeof(!!(expr))
--- a/CLI/Analyze.cpp
+++ b/CLI/Analyze.cpp
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static void displayHelp(const char* argv0)
    printf("  --formatter=gnu: report analysis errors in GNU-compatible format\n");
 }

-static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line)
+static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line, const char* function)
 {
    printf("%s(%d): ASSERTION FAILED: %s\n", file, line, expr);
    return 1;
--- a/CLI/Repl.cpp
+++ b/CLI/Repl.cpp
@ -234,12 +234,15 @@ static void completeIndexer(lua_State* L, const char* editBuffer, size_t start,
            lua_pushnil(L);

            while (lua_next(L, -2) != 0)
+            {
+                if (lua_type(L, -2) == LUA_TSTRING)
                {
                    // table, key, value
                    std::string_view key = lua_tostring(L, -2);

                    if (!key.empty() && Luau::startsWith(key, prefix))
                        completions.push_back(editBuffer + std::string(key.substr(prefix.size())));
+                }

                lua_pop(L, 1);
            }
@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ static void completeIndexer(lua_State* L, const char* editBuffer, size_t start,
            lua_rawget(L, -2);
            lua_remove(L, -2);

-            if (lua_isnil(L, -1))
+            if (!lua_istable(L, -1))
                break;

            lookup.remove_prefix(dot + 1);
@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ static void completeIndexer(lua_State* L, const char* editBuffer, size_t start,
 static void completeRepl(lua_State* L, const char* editBuffer, std::vector<std::string>& completions)
 {
    size_t start = strlen(editBuffer);
-    while (start > 0 && (isalnum(editBuffer[start - 1]) || editBuffer[start - 1] == '.'))
+    while (start > 0 && (isalnum(editBuffer[start - 1]) || editBuffer[start - 1] == '.' || editBuffer[start - 1] == '_'))
        start--;

    // look the value up in current global table first
@ -278,6 +281,34 @@ static void completeRepl(lua_State* L, const char* editBuffer, std::vector<std::
    completeIndexer(L, editBuffer, start, completions);
 }

+struct LinenoiseScopedHistory
+{
+    LinenoiseScopedHistory()
+    {
+        const std::string name(".luau_history");
+
+        if (const char* home = getenv("HOME"))
+        {
+            historyFilepath = joinPaths(home, name);
+        }
+        else if (const char* userProfile = getenv("USERPROFILE"))
+        {
+            historyFilepath = joinPaths(userProfile, name);
+        }
+
+        if (!historyFilepath.empty())
+            linenoise::LoadHistory(historyFilepath.c_str());
+    }
+
+    ~LinenoiseScopedHistory()
+    {
+        if (!historyFilepath.empty())
+            linenoise::SaveHistory(historyFilepath.c_str());
+    }
+
+    std::string historyFilepath;
+};
+
 static void runRepl()
 {
    std::unique_ptr<lua_State, void (*)(lua_State*)> globalState(luaL_newstate(), lua_close);
@ -292,6 +323,7 @@ static void runRepl()
    });

    std::string buffer;
+    LinenoiseScopedHistory scopedHistory;

    for (;;)
    {
@ -457,7 +489,7 @@ static void displayHelp(const char* argv0)
    printf("  --coverage: collect code coverage while running the code and output results to coverage.out\n");
 }

-static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line)
+static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line, const char* function)
 {
    printf("%s(%d): ASSERTION FAILED: %s\n", file, line, expr);
    return 1;
--- a/CLI/Web.cpp
+++ b/CLI/Web.cpp
@ -53,30 +53,38 @@ static std::string runCode(lua_State* L, const std::string& source)
            lua_insert(T, 1);
            lua_pcall(T, n, 0, 0);
        }
+
+        lua_pop(L, 1); // pop T
+        return std::string();
    }
    else
    {
        std::string error;

+        lua_Debug ar;
+        if (lua_getinfo(L, 0, "sln", &ar))
+        {
+            error += ar.short_src;
+            error += ':';
+            error += std::to_string(ar.currentline);
+            error += ": ";
+        }
+
        if (status == LUA_YIELD)
        {
-            error = "thread yielded unexpectedly";
+            error += "thread yielded unexpectedly";
        }
        else if (const char* str = lua_tostring(T, -1))
        {
-            error = str;
+            error += str;
        }

        error += "\nstack backtrace:\n";
        error += lua_debugtrace(T);

-        error = "Error:" + error;
-
-        fprintf(stdout, "%s", error.c_str());
+        lua_pop(L, 1); // pop T
+        return error;
    }
-
-    lua_pop(L, 1);
-    return std::string();
 }

 extern "C" const char* executeScript(const char* source)
--- a/Compiler/include/Luau/Bytecode.h
+++ b/Compiler/include/Luau/Bytecode.h
@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ enum LuauBytecodeTag
 {
    // Bytecode version
    LBC_VERSION = 1,
+    LBC_VERSION_FUTURE = 2, // TODO: This will be removed in favor of LBC_VERSION with LuauBytecodeV2Force
    // Types of constant table entries
    LBC_CONSTANT_NIL = 0,
    LBC_CONSTANT_BOOLEAN,
--- a/Compiler/include/Luau/BytecodeBuilder.h
+++ b/Compiler/include/Luau/BytecodeBuilder.h
@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ public:
    void expandJumps();

    void setDebugFunctionName(StringRef name);
+    void setDebugFunctionLineDefined(int line);
    void setDebugLine(int line);
    void pushDebugLocal(StringRef name, uint8_t reg, uint32_t startpc, uint32_t endpc);
    void pushDebugUpval(StringRef name);
@ -162,6 +163,7 @@ private:
        bool isvararg = false;

        unsigned int debugname = 0;
+        int debuglinedefined = 0;

        std::string dump;
        std::string dumpname;
--- a/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp
@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <string.h>

+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauBytecodeV2Write, false)
+
 namespace Luau
 {

@ -81,6 +83,52 @@ static int getOpLength(LuauOpcode op)
    }
 }

+inline bool isJumpD(LuauOpcode op)
+{
+    switch (op)
+    {
+    case LOP_JUMP:
+    case LOP_JUMPIF:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFNOT:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFEQ:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFLE:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFLT:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFNOTEQ:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFNOTLE:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFNOTLT:
+    case LOP_FORNPREP:
+    case LOP_FORNLOOP:
+    case LOP_FORGLOOP:
+    case LOP_FORGPREP_INEXT:
+    case LOP_FORGLOOP_INEXT:
+    case LOP_FORGPREP_NEXT:
+    case LOP_FORGLOOP_NEXT:
+    case LOP_JUMPBACK:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFEQK:
+    case LOP_JUMPIFNOTEQK:
+        return true;
+
+    default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+inline bool isSkipC(LuauOpcode op)
+{
+    switch (op)
+    {
+    case LOP_LOADB:
+    case LOP_FASTCALL:
+    case LOP_FASTCALL1:
+    case LOP_FASTCALL2:
+    case LOP_FASTCALL2K:
+        return true;
+
+    default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
 bool BytecodeBuilder::StringRef::operator==(const StringRef& other) const
 {
    return (data && other.data) ? (length == other.length && memcmp(data, other.data, length) == 0) : (data == other.data);
@ -365,13 +413,7 @@ bool BytecodeBuilder::patchJumpD(size_t jumpLabel, size_t targetLabel)
    unsigned int jumpInsn = insns[jumpLabel];
    (void)jumpInsn;

-    LUAU_ASSERT(LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMP || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIF || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFNOT ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFEQ || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFLE || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFLT ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFNOTEQ || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFNOTLE || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFNOTLT ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORNPREP || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORNLOOP || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORGLOOP ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORGPREP_INEXT || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORGLOOP_INEXT ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORGPREP_NEXT || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FORGLOOP_NEXT ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPBACK || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFEQK || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_JUMPIFNOTEQK);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(isJumpD(LuauOpcode(LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn))));
    LUAU_ASSERT(LUAU_INSN_D(jumpInsn) == 0);

    LUAU_ASSERT(targetLabel <= insns.size());
@ -403,8 +445,7 @@ bool BytecodeBuilder::patchSkipC(size_t jumpLabel, size_t targetLabel)
    unsigned int jumpInsn = insns[jumpLabel];
    (void)jumpInsn;

-    LUAU_ASSERT(LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FASTCALL || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FASTCALL1 || LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FASTCALL2 ||
-                LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn) == LOP_FASTCALL2K);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(isSkipC(LuauOpcode(LUAU_INSN_OP(jumpInsn))));
    LUAU_ASSERT(LUAU_INSN_C(jumpInsn) == 0);

    int offset = int(targetLabel) - int(jumpLabel) - 1;
@ -428,6 +469,11 @@ void BytecodeBuilder::setDebugFunctionName(StringRef name)
        functions[currentFunction].dumpname = std::string(name.data, name.length);
 }

+void BytecodeBuilder::setDebugFunctionLineDefined(int line)
+{
+    functions[currentFunction].debuglinedefined = line;
+}
+
 void BytecodeBuilder::setDebugLine(int line)
 {
    debugLine = line;
@ -464,7 +510,7 @@ uint32_t BytecodeBuilder::getDebugPC() const
 void BytecodeBuilder::finalize()
 {
    LUAU_ASSERT(bytecode.empty());
-    bytecode = char(LBC_VERSION);
+    bytecode = char(FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Write ? LBC_VERSION_FUTURE : LBC_VERSION);

    writeStringTable(bytecode);

@ -565,6 +611,9 @@ void BytecodeBuilder::writeFunction(std::string& ss, uint32_t id) const
        writeVarInt(ss, child);

    // debug info
+    if (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Write)
+        writeVarInt(ss, func.debuglinedefined);
+
    writeVarInt(ss, func.debugname);

    bool hasLines = true;
--- a/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
+++ b/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include <math.h>

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauIfElseExpressionBaseSupport)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauBit32CountBuiltin, false)

 namespace Luau
 {
@ -179,6 +178,8 @@ struct Compiler
        if (options.optimizationLevel >= 1 && options.debugLevel >= 2)
            gatherConstUpvals(func);

+        bytecode.setDebugFunctionLineDefined(func->location.begin.line + 1);
+
        if (options.debugLevel >= 1 && func->debugname.value)
            bytecode.setDebugFunctionName(sref(func->debugname));

@ -3626,9 +3627,9 @@ struct Compiler
                return LBF_BIT32_RROTATE;
            if (builtin.method == "rshift")
                return LBF_BIT32_RSHIFT;
-            if (builtin.method == "countlz" && FFlag::LuauBit32CountBuiltin)
+            if (builtin.method == "countlz")
                return LBF_BIT32_COUNTLZ;
-            if (builtin.method == "countrz" && FFlag::LuauBit32CountBuiltin)
+            if (builtin.method == "countrz")
                return LBF_BIT32_COUNTRZ;
        }

--- a/Sources.cmake
+++ b/Sources.cmake
@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.VM PRIVATE
    VM/src/linit.cpp
    VM/src/lmathlib.cpp
    VM/src/lmem.cpp
+    VM/src/lnumprint.cpp
    VM/src/lobject.cpp
    VM/src/loslib.cpp
    VM/src/lperf.cpp
--- a/VM/include/luaconf.h
+++ b/VM/include/luaconf.h
@ -138,10 +138,6 @@

 /* }================================================================== */

-/* Default number printing format and the string length limit */
-#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT "%.14g"
-#define LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR 32 /* 16 digits, sign, point, and \0 */
-
 /*
@@ LUAI_USER_ALIGNMENT_T is a type that requires maximum alignment.
 ** CHANGE it if your system requires alignments larger than double. (For
--- a/VM/src/lapi.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lapi.cpp
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@

 #include <string.h>

-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauActivateBeforeExec)
-
 const char* lua_ident = "$Lua: Lua 5.1.4 Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio $\n"
                        "$Authors: R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo & W. Celes $\n"
                        "$URL: www.lua.org $\n";
@ -939,21 +937,7 @@ void lua_call(lua_State* L, int nargs, int nresults)
    checkresults(L, nargs, nresults);
    func = L->top - (nargs + 1);

-    if (FFlag::LuauActivateBeforeExec)
-    {
    luaD_call(L, func, nresults);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        int oldactive = luaC_threadactive(L);
-        l_setbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
-        luaC_checkthreadsleep(L);
-
-        luaD_call(L, func, nresults);
-
-        if (!oldactive)
-            resetbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
-    }

    adjustresults(L, nresults);
    return;
@ -994,21 +978,7 @@ int lua_pcall(lua_State* L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc)
    c.func = L->top - (nargs + 1); /* function to be called */
    c.nresults = nresults;

-    if (FFlag::LuauActivateBeforeExec)
-    {
    status = luaD_pcall(L, f_call, &c, savestack(L, c.func), func);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        int oldactive = luaC_threadactive(L);
-        l_setbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
-        luaC_checkthreadsleep(L);
-
-        status = luaD_pcall(L, f_call, &c, savestack(L, c.func), func);
-
-        if (!oldactive)
-            resetbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
-    }

    adjustresults(L, nresults);
    return status;
--- a/VM/src/laux.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/laux.cpp
@ -7,9 +7,12 @@
 #include "lstring.h"
 #include "lapi.h"
 #include "lgc.h"
+#include "lnumutils.h"

 #include <string.h>

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauSchubfach)
+
 /* convert a stack index to positive */
 #define abs_index(L, i) ((i) > 0 || (i) <= LUA_REGISTRYINDEX ? (i) : lua_gettop(L) + (i) + 1)

@ -477,7 +480,17 @@ const char* luaL_tolstring(lua_State* L, int idx, size_t* len)
    switch (lua_type(L, idx))
    {
    case LUA_TNUMBER:
+        if (FFlag::LuauSchubfach)
+        {
+            double n = lua_tonumber(L, idx);
+            char s[LUAI_MAXNUM2STR];
+            char* e = luai_num2str(s, n);
+            lua_pushlstring(L, s, e - s);
+        }
+        else
+        {
            lua_pushstring(L, lua_tostring(L, idx));
+        }
        break;
    case LUA_TSTRING:
        lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
@ -491,11 +504,30 @@ const char* luaL_tolstring(lua_State* L, int idx, size_t* len)
    case LUA_TVECTOR:
    {
        const float* v = lua_tovector(L, idx);
+
+        if (FFlag::LuauSchubfach)
+        {
+            char s[LUAI_MAXNUM2STR * LUA_VECTOR_SIZE];
+            char* e = s;
+            for (int i = 0; i < LUA_VECTOR_SIZE; ++i)
+            {
+                if (i != 0)
+                {
+                    *e++ = ',';
+                    *e++ = ' ';
+                }
+                e = luai_num2str(e, v[i]);
+            }
+            lua_pushlstring(L, s, e - s);
+        }
+        else
+        {
 #if LUA_VECTOR_SIZE == 4
            lua_pushfstring(L, LUA_NUMBER_FMT ", " LUA_NUMBER_FMT ", " LUA_NUMBER_FMT ", " LUA_NUMBER_FMT, v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3]);
 #else
            lua_pushfstring(L, LUA_NUMBER_FMT ", " LUA_NUMBER_FMT ", " LUA_NUMBER_FMT, v[0], v[1], v[2]);
 #endif
+        }
        break;
    }
    default:
--- a/VM/src/lbitlib.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lbitlib.cpp
@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #include "lcommon.h"
 #include "lnumutils.h"

-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauBit32Count, false)
-
 #define ALLONES ~0u
 #define NBITS int(8 * sizeof(unsigned))

@ -182,9 +180,6 @@ static int b_replace(lua_State* L)

 static int b_countlz(lua_State* L)
 {
-    if (!FFlag::LuauBit32Count)
-        luaL_error(L, "bit32.countlz isn't enabled");
-
    b_uint v = luaL_checkunsigned(L, 1);

    b_uint r = NBITS;
@ -201,9 +196,6 @@ static int b_countlz(lua_State* L)

 static int b_countrz(lua_State* L)
 {
-    if (!FFlag::LuauBit32Count)
-        luaL_error(L, "bit32.countrz isn't enabled");
-
    b_uint v = luaL_checkunsigned(L, 1);

    b_uint r = NBITS;
--- a/VM/src/ldebug.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/ldebug.cpp
@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauBytecodeV2Read)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauBytecodeV2Force)
+
 static const char* getfuncname(Closure* f);

 static int currentpc(lua_State* L, CallInfo* ci)
@ -89,6 +92,16 @@ const char* lua_setlocal(lua_State* L, int level, int n)
    return name;
 }

+static int getlinedefined(Proto* p)
+{
+    if (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Force)
+        return p->linedefined;
+    else if (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Read && p->linedefined >= 0)
+        return p->linedefined;
+    else
+        return luaG_getline(p, 0);
+}
+
 static int auxgetinfo(lua_State* L, const char* what, lua_Debug* ar, Closure* f, CallInfo* ci)
 {
    int status = 1;
@ -108,7 +121,7 @@ static int auxgetinfo(lua_State* L, const char* what, lua_Debug* ar, Closure* f,
            {
                ar->source = getstr(f->l.p->source);
                ar->what = "Lua";
-                ar->linedefined = luaG_getline(f->l.p, 0);
+                ar->linedefined = getlinedefined(f->l.p);
            }
            luaO_chunkid(ar->short_src, ar->source, LUA_IDSIZE);
            break;
@ -121,7 +134,7 @@ static int auxgetinfo(lua_State* L, const char* what, lua_Debug* ar, Closure* f,
            }
            else
            {
-                ar->currentline = f->isC ? -1 : luaG_getline(f->l.p, 0);
+                ar->currentline = f->isC ? -1 : getlinedefined(f->l.p);
            }

            break;
--- a/VM/src/ldo.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/ldo.cpp
@ -19,7 +19,6 @@

 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCcallRestoreFix, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCoroutineClose)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauActivateBeforeExec, true)

 /*
 ** {======================================================
@ -228,8 +227,6 @@ void luaD_call(lua_State* L, StkId func, int nResults)
    {                                        /* is a Lua function? */
        L->ci->flags |= LUA_CALLINFO_RETURN; /* luau_execute will stop after returning from the stack frame */

-        if (FFlag::LuauActivateBeforeExec)
-        {
        int oldactive = luaC_threadactive(L);
        l_setbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
        luaC_checkthreadsleep(L);
@ -239,11 +236,6 @@ void luaD_call(lua_State* L, StkId func, int nResults)
        if (!oldactive)
            resetbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
    }
-        else
-        {
-            luau_execute(L); /* call it */
-        }
-    }
    L->nCcalls--;
    luaC_checkGC(L);
 }
@ -549,12 +541,9 @@ int luaD_pcall(lua_State* L, Pfunc func, void* u, ptrdiff_t old_top, ptrdiff_t e
                status = LUA_ERRERR;
        }

-        if (FFlag::LuauActivateBeforeExec)
-        {
        // since the call failed with an error, we might have to reset the 'active' thread state
        if (!oldactive)
            resetbit(L->stackstate, THREAD_ACTIVEBIT);
-        }

        if (FFlag::LuauCcallRestoreFix)
        {
--- a/VM/src/lgc.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lgc.cpp
@ -12,8 +12,6 @@

 #include <string.h>

-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauArrayBoundary)
-
 #define GC_SWEEPMAX 40
 #define GC_SWEEPCOST 10

--- a/VM/src/lgcdebug.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lgcdebug.cpp
@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>

-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauArrayBoundary)
-
 static void validateobjref(global_State* g, GCObject* f, GCObject* t)
 {
    LUAU_ASSERT(!isdead(g, t));
@ -38,10 +36,7 @@ static void validatetable(global_State* g, Table* h)
 {
    int sizenode = 1 << h->lsizenode;

-    if (FFlag::LuauArrayBoundary)
    LUAU_ASSERT(h->lastfree <= sizenode);
-    else
-        LUAU_ASSERT(h->lastfree >= 0 && h->lastfree <= sizenode);

    if (h->metatable)
        validateobjref(g, obj2gco(h), obj2gco(h->metatable));
--- a/VM/src/lnumprint.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lnumprint.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+// This code is based on Lua 5.x implementation licensed under MIT License; see lua_LICENSE.txt for details
+#include "luaconf.h"
+#include "lnumutils.h"
+
+#include "lcommon.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h> // TODO: Remove with LuauSchubfach
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+// This work is based on:
+// Raffaello Giulietti. The Schubfach way to render doubles. 2021
+// https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IEeATSVnEE6TkrHlCYNY2GjaraBjOT4f/edit
+
+// The code uses the notation from the paper for local variables where appropriate, and refers to paper sections/figures/results.
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSchubfach, false)
+
+// 9.8.2. Precomputed table for 128-bit overestimates of powers of 10 (see figure 3 for table bounds)
+// To avoid storing 616 128-bit numbers directly we use a technique inspired by Dragonbox implementation and store 16 consecutive
+// powers using a 128-bit baseline and a bitvector with 1-bit scale and 3-bit offset for the delta between each entry and base*5^k
+static const int kPow10TableMin = -292;
+static const int kPow10TableMax = 324;
+
+// clang-format off
+static const uint64_t kPow5Table[16] = {
+    0x8000000000000000, 0xa000000000000000, 0xc800000000000000, 0xfa00000000000000, 0x9c40000000000000, 0xc350000000000000,
+    0xf424000000000000, 0x9896800000000000, 0xbebc200000000000, 0xee6b280000000000, 0x9502f90000000000, 0xba43b74000000000,
+    0xe8d4a51000000000, 0x9184e72a00000000, 0xb5e620f480000000, 0xe35fa931a0000000,
+};
+static const uint64_t kPow10Table[(kPow10TableMax - kPow10TableMin + 1 + 15) / 16][3] = {
+    {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b, 0x333443443333443b}, {0x8dd01fad907ffc3b, 0xae3da7d97f6792e4, 0xbbb3ab3cb3ba3cbc},
+    {0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5, 0x6f773fc3603db4aa, 0x4ba4bc4bb4bb4bcc}, {0xaecc49914078536d, 0x58fae9f773886e19, 0x3ba3bc33b43b43bb},
+    {0xc21094364dfb5636, 0x985915fc12f542e5, 0x33b43b43a33b33cb}, {0xd77485cb25823ac7, 0x7d633293366b828c, 0x34b44c444343443c},
+    {0xef340a98172aace4, 0x86fb897116c87c35, 0x333343333343334b}, {0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0x29ecd9f40041e074, 0xccaccbbcbcbb4bbc},
+    {0x936b9fcebb25c995, 0xcab10dd900beec35, 0x3ab3ab3ab3bb3bbb}, {0xa3ab66580d5fdaf5, 0xc13e60d0d2e0ebbb, 0x4cc3dc4db4db4dbb},
+    {0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x0d819992132456bb, 0x33b33a34c33b34ab}, {0xc9bcff6034c13052, 0xfc89b393dd02f0b6, 0x33c33b44b43c34bc},
+    {0xdff9772470297ebd, 0x59787e2b93bc56f8, 0x43b444444443434c}, {0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0x75a44c6397ce912b, 0x443334343443343b},
+    {0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b, 0x1b8e9ecb641b5900, 0xbbabab3aa3ab4ccc}, {0x993fe2c6d07b7fab, 0xe546a8038efe402a, 0x4cb4bc4db4db4bcc},
+    {0xaa242499697392d2, 0xdde50bd1d5d0b9ea, 0x3ba3ba3bb33b33bc}, {0xbce5086492111aea, 0x88f4bb1ca6bcf585, 0x44b44c44c44c43cb},
+    {0xd1b71758e219652b, 0xd3c36113404ea4a9, 0x44c44c44c444443b}, {0xe8d4a51000000000, 0x0000000000000000, 0x444444444444444c},
+    {0x813f3978f8940984, 0x4000000000000000, 0xcccccccccccccccc}, {0x8f7e32ce7bea5c6f, 0xe4820023a2000000, 0xbba3bc4cc4cc4ccc},
+    {0x9f4f2726179a2245, 0x01d762422c946591, 0x4aa3bb3aa3ba3bab}, {0xb0de65388cc8ada8, 0x3b25a55f43294bcc, 0x3ca33b33b44b43bc},
+    {0xc45d1df942711d9a, 0x3ba5d0bd324f8395, 0x44c44c34c44b44cb}, {0xda01ee641a708de9, 0xe80e6f4820cc9496, 0x33b33b343333333c},
+    {0xf209787bb47d6b84, 0xc0678c5dbd23a49b, 0x443444444443443b}, {0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b3, 0xdbccbcccb4cb3bbb},
+    {0x952ab45cfa97a0b2, 0xdd945a747bf26184, 0x3bc4bb4ab3ca3cbc}, {0xa59bc234db398c25, 0x43fab9837e699096, 0x3bb3ac3ab3bb33ac},
+    {0xb7dcbf5354e9bece, 0x0c11ed6d538aeb30, 0x33b43b43b34c34dc}, {0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5, 0x31ec038df7b441f5, 0x34c44c43c44b44cb},
+    {0xe2a0b5dc971f303a, 0x2e44ae64840fd61e, 0x333333333333333c}, {0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0x169840ef017da3b2, 0x433344443333344c},
+    {0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0x1ad089b6c2f7548f, 0xdcbdcc3cc4cc4bcb}, {0x9b10a4e5e9913128, 0xca7cf2b4191c8327, 0x3ab3cb3bc3bb4bbb},
+    {0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x546345fa9fbdcd45, 0x3bb3cc43c43c43cb}, {0xbf21e44003acdd2c, 0xe0470a63e6bd56c4, 0x44b34a43b44c44bc},
+    {0xd433179d9c8cb841, 0x5fa60692a46151ec, 0x43a33a33a333333c},
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+static const char kDigitTable[] = "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849"
+                                  "5051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+
+// x*y => 128-bit product (lo+hi)
+inline uint64_t mul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint64_t* hi)
+{
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+    return _umul128(x, y, hi);
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+    unsigned __int128 r = x;
+    r *= y;
+    *hi = uint64_t(r >> 64);
+    return uint64_t(r);
+#else
+    uint32_t x0 = uint32_t(x), x1 = uint32_t(x >> 32);
+    uint32_t y0 = uint32_t(y), y1 = uint32_t(y >> 32);
+    uint64_t p11 = uint64_t(x1) * y1, p01 = uint64_t(x0) * y1;
+    uint64_t p10 = uint64_t(x1) * y0, p00 = uint64_t(x0) * y0;
+    uint64_t mid = p10 + (p00 >> 32) + uint32_t(p01);
+    uint64_t r0 = (mid << 32) | uint32_t(p00);
+    uint64_t r1 = p11 + (mid >> 32) + (p01 >> 32);
+    *hi = r1;
+    return r0;
+#endif
+}
+
+// (x*y)>>64 => 128-bit product (lo+hi)
+inline uint64_t mul192hi(uint64_t xhi, uint64_t xlo, uint64_t y, uint64_t* hi)
+{
+    uint64_t z2;
+    uint64_t z1 = mul128(xhi, y, &z2);
+
+    uint64_t z1c;
+    uint64_t z0 = mul128(xlo, y, &z1c);
+    (void)z0;
+
+    z1 += z1c;
+    z2 += (z1 < z1c);
+
+    *hi = z2;
+    return z1;
+}
+
+// 9.3. Rounding to odd (+ figure 8 + result 23)
+inline uint64_t roundodd(uint64_t ghi, uint64_t glo, uint64_t cp)
+{
+    uint64_t xhi;
+    uint64_t xlo = mul128(glo, cp, &xhi);
+    (void)xlo;
+
+    uint64_t yhi;
+    uint64_t ylo = mul128(ghi, cp, &yhi);
+
+    uint64_t z = ylo + xhi;
+    return (yhi + (z < xhi)) | (z > 1);
+}
+
+struct Decimal
+{
+    uint64_t s;
+    int k;
+};
+
+static Decimal schubfach(int exponent, uint64_t fraction)
+{
+    // Extract c & q such that c*2^q == |v|
+    uint64_t c = fraction;
+    int q = exponent - 1023 - 51;
+
+    if (exponent != 0) // normal numbers have implicit leading 1
+    {
+        c |= (1ull << 52);
+        q--;
+    }
+
+    // 8.3. Fast path for integers
+    if (unsigned(-q) < 53 && (c & ((1ull << (-q)) - 1)) == 0)
+        return {c >> (-q), 0};
+
+    // 5. Rounding interval
+    int irr = (c == (1ull << 52) && q != -1074); // Qmin
+    int out = int(c & 1);
+
+    // 9.8.1. Boundaries for c
+    uint64_t cbl = 4 * c - 2 + irr;
+    uint64_t cb = 4 * c;
+    uint64_t cbr = 4 * c + 2;
+
+    // 9.1. Computing k and h
+    const int Q = 20;
+    const int C = 315652;   // floor(2^Q * log10(2))
+    const int A = -131008;  // floor(2^Q * log10(3/4))
+    const int C2 = 3483294; // floor(2^Q * log2(10))
+    int k = (q * C + (irr ? A : 0)) >> Q;
+    int h = q + ((-k * C2) >> Q) + 1; // see (9) in 9.9
+
+    // 9.8.2. Overestimates of powers of 10
+    // Recover 10^-k fraction using compact tables generated by tools/numutils.py
+    // The 128-bit fraction is encoded as 128-bit baseline * power-of-5 * scale + offset
+    LUAU_ASSERT(-k >= kPow10TableMin && -k <= kPow10TableMax);
+    int gtoff = -k - kPow10TableMin;
+    const uint64_t* gt = kPow10Table[gtoff >> 4];
+
+    uint64_t ghi;
+    uint64_t glo = mul192hi(gt[0], gt[1], kPow5Table[gtoff & 15], &ghi);
+
+    // Apply 1-bit scale + 3-bit offset; note, offset is intentionally applied without carry, numutils.py validates that this is sufficient
+    int gterr = (gt[2] >> ((gtoff & 15) * 4)) & 15;
+    int gtscale = gterr >> 3;
+
+    ghi <<= gtscale;
+    ghi += (glo >> 63) & gtscale;
+    glo <<= gtscale;
+    glo -= (gterr & 7) - 4;
+
+    // 9.9. Boundaries for v
+    uint64_t vbl = roundodd(ghi, glo, cbl << h);
+    uint64_t vb = roundodd(ghi, glo, cb << h);
+    uint64_t vbr = roundodd(ghi, glo, cbr << h);
+
+    // Main algorithm; see figure 7 + figure 9
+    uint64_t s = vb / 4;
+
+    if (s >= 10)
+    {
+        uint64_t sp = s / 10;
+
+        bool upin = vbl + out <= 40 * sp;
+        bool wpin = vbr >= 40 * sp + 40 + out;
+
+        if (upin != wpin)
+            return {sp + wpin, k + 1};
+    }
+
+    // Figure 7 contains the algorithm to select between u (s) and w (s+1)
+    // rup computes the last 4 conditions in that algorithm
+    // rup is only used when uin == win, but since these branches predict poorly we use branchless selects
+    bool uin = vbl + out <= 4 * s;
+    bool win = 4 * s + 4 + out <= vbr;
+    bool rup = vb >= 4 * s + 2 + 1 - (s & 1);
+
+    return {s + (uin != win ? win : rup), k};
+}
+
+static char* printspecial(char* buf, int sign, uint64_t fraction)
+{
+    if (fraction == 0)
+    {
+        memcpy(buf, ("-inf") + (1 - sign), 4);
+        return buf + 3 + sign;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memcpy(buf, "nan", 4);
+        return buf + 3;
+    }
+}
+
+static char* printunsignedrev(char* end, uint64_t num)
+{
+    while (num >= 10000)
+    {
+        unsigned int tail = unsigned(num % 10000);
+
+        memcpy(end - 4, &kDigitTable[int(tail / 100) * 2], 2);
+        memcpy(end - 2, &kDigitTable[int(tail % 100) * 2], 2);
+        num /= 10000;
+        end -= 4;
+    }
+
+    unsigned int rest = unsigned(num);
+
+    while (rest >= 10)
+    {
+        memcpy(end - 2, &kDigitTable[int(rest % 100) * 2], 2);
+        rest /= 100;
+        end -= 2;
+    }
+
+    if (rest)
+    {
+        end[-1] = '0' + int(rest);
+        end -= 1;
+    }
+
+    return end;
+}
+
+static char* printexp(char* buf, int num)
+{
+    *buf++ = 'e';
+    *buf++ = num < 0 ? '-' : '+';
+
+    int v = num < 0 ? -num : num;
+
+    if (v >= 100)
+    {
+        *buf++ = '0' + (v / 100);
+        v %= 100;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(buf, &kDigitTable[v * 2], 2);
+    return buf + 2;
+}
+
+inline char* trimzero(char* end)
+{
+    while (end[-1] == '0')
+        end--;
+
+    return end;
+}
+
+// We use fixed-length memcpy/memset since they lower to fast SIMD+scalar writes; the target buffers should have padding space
+#define fastmemcpy(dst, src, size, sizefast) check_exp((size) <= sizefast, memcpy(dst, src, sizefast))
+#define fastmemset(dst, val, size, sizefast) check_exp((size) <= sizefast, memset(dst, val, sizefast))
+
+char* luai_num2str(char* buf, double n)
+{
+    if (!FFlag::LuauSchubfach)
+    {
+        snprintf(buf, LUAI_MAXNUM2STR, LUA_NUMBER_FMT, n);
+        return buf + strlen(buf);
+    }
+
+    // IEEE-754
+    union
+    {
+        double v;
+        uint64_t bits;
+    } v = {n};
+    int sign = int(v.bits >> 63);
+    int exponent = int(v.bits >> 52) & 2047;
+    uint64_t fraction = v.bits & ((1ull << 52) - 1);
+
+    // specials
+    if (LUAU_UNLIKELY(exponent == 0x7ff))
+        return printspecial(buf, sign, fraction);
+
+    // sign bit
+    *buf = '-';
+    buf += sign;
+
+    // zero
+    if (exponent == 0 && fraction == 0)
+    {
+        buf[0] = '0';
+        return buf + 1;
+    }
+
+    // convert binary to decimal using Schubfach
+    Decimal d = schubfach(exponent, fraction);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(d.s < uint64_t(1e17));
+
+    // print the decimal to a temporary buffer; we'll need to insert the decimal point and figure out the format
+    char decbuf[40];
+    char* decend = decbuf + 20; // significand needs at most 17 digits; the rest of the buffer may be copied using fixed length memcpy
+    char* dec = printunsignedrev(decend, d.s);
+
+    int declen = int(decend - dec);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(declen <= 17);
+
+    int dot = declen + d.k;
+
+    // the limits are somewhat arbitrary but changing them may require changing fastmemset/fastmemcpy sizes below
+    if (dot >= -5 && dot <= 21)
+    {
+        // fixed point format
+        if (dot <= 0)
+        {
+            buf[0] = '0';
+            buf[1] = '.';
+
+            fastmemset(buf + 2, '0', -dot, 5);
+            fastmemcpy(buf + 2 + (-dot), dec, declen, 17);
+
+            return trimzero(buf + 2 + (-dot) + declen);
+        }
+        else if (dot == declen)
+        {
+            // no dot
+            fastmemcpy(buf, dec, dot, 17);
+
+            return buf + dot;
+        }
+        else if (dot < declen)
+        {
+            // dot in the middle
+            fastmemcpy(buf, dec, dot, 16);
+
+            buf[dot] = '.';
+
+            fastmemcpy(buf + dot + 1, dec + dot, declen - dot, 16);
+
+            return trimzero(buf + declen + 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // no dot, zero padding
+            fastmemcpy(buf, dec, declen, 17);
+            fastmemset(buf + declen, '0', dot - declen, 8);
+
+            return buf + dot;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // scientific format
+        buf[0] = dec[0];
+        buf[1] = '.';
+        fastmemcpy(buf + 2, dec + 1, declen - 1, 16);
+
+        char* exp = trimzero(buf + declen + 1);
+
+        return printexp(exp, dot - 1);
+    }
+}
--- a/VM/src/lnumutils.h
+++ b/VM/src/lnumutils.h
@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #pragma once

 #include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>

 #define luai_numadd(a, b) ((a) + (b))
 #define luai_numsub(a, b) ((a) - (b))
@ -56,5 +55,9 @@ LUAU_FASTMATH_END
 #define luai_num2unsigned(i, n) ((i) = (unsigned)(long long)(n))
 #endif

-#define luai_num2str(s, n) snprintf((s), sizeof(s), LUA_NUMBER_FMT, (n))
+#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT "%.14g" /* TODO: Remove with LuauSchubfach */
+#define LUAI_MAXNUM2STR 48
+
+LUAI_FUNC char* luai_num2str(char* buf, double n);
+
 #define luai_str2num(s, p) strtod((s), (p))
--- a/VM/src/lobject.h
+++ b/VM/src/lobject.h
@ -289,6 +289,7 @@ typedef struct Proto
    int sizek;
    int sizelineinfo;
    int linegaplog2;
+    int linedefined;


    uint8_t nups; /* number of upvalues */
--- a/VM/src/ltable.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/ltable.cpp
@ -24,8 +24,6 @@

 #include <string.h>

-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauArrayBoundary, false)
-
 // max size of both array and hash part is 2^MAXBITS
 #define MAXBITS 26
 #define MAXSIZE (1 << MAXBITS)
@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ int luaH_next(lua_State* L, Table* t, StkId key)

 #define maybesetaboundary(t, boundary) \
    { \
-        if (FFlag::LuauArrayBoundary && t->aboundary <= 0) \
+        if (t->aboundary <= 0) \
            t->aboundary = -int(boundary); \
    }

@ -705,7 +703,7 @@ int luaH_getn(Table* t)
 {
    int boundary = getaboundary(t);

-    if (FFlag::LuauArrayBoundary && boundary > 0)
+    if (boundary > 0)
    {
        if (!ttisnil(&t->array[t->sizearray - 1]) && t->node == dummynode)
            return t->sizearray; /* fast-path: the end of the array in `t' already refers to a boundary */
--- a/VM/src/lvmload.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lvmload.cpp
@ -13,6 +13,9 @@

 #include <string.h>

+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauBytecodeV2Read, true)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauBytecodeV2Force, false)
+
 // TODO: RAII deallocation doesn't work for longjmp builds if a memory error happens
 template<typename T>
 struct TempBuffer
@ -146,15 +149,19 @@ int luau_load(lua_State* L, const char* chunkname, const char* data, size_t size
    uint8_t version = read<uint8_t>(data, size, offset);

    // 0 means the rest of the bytecode is the error message
-    if (version == 0 || version != LBC_VERSION)
+    if (version == 0)
    {
        char chunkid[LUA_IDSIZE];
        luaO_chunkid(chunkid, chunkname, LUA_IDSIZE);
-
-        if (version == 0)
        lua_pushfstring(L, "%s%.*s", chunkid, int(size - offset), data + offset);
-        else
-            lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: bytecode version mismatch", chunkid);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Force ? (version != LBC_VERSION_FUTURE) : FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Read ? (version != LBC_VERSION && version != LBC_VERSION_FUTURE) : (version != LBC_VERSION))
+    {
+        char chunkid[LUA_IDSIZE];
+        luaO_chunkid(chunkid, chunkname, LUA_IDSIZE);
+        lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: bytecode version mismatch (expected %d, got %d)", chunkid, FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Force ? LBC_VERSION_FUTURE : LBC_VERSION, version);
        return 1;
    }

@ -285,6 +292,11 @@ int luau_load(lua_State* L, const char* chunkname, const char* data, size_t size
            p->p[j] = protos[fid];
        }

+        if (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Force || (FFlag::LuauBytecodeV2Read && version == LBC_VERSION_FUTURE))
+            p->linedefined = readVarInt(data, size, offset);
+        else
+            p->linedefined = -1;
+
        p->debugname = readString(strings, data, size, offset);

        uint8_t lineinfo = read<uint8_t>(data, size, offset);
@ -307,11 +319,11 @@ int luau_load(lua_State* L, const char* chunkname, const char* data, size_t size
                p->lineinfo[j] = lastoffset;
            }

-            int lastLine = 0;
+            int lastline = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < intervals; ++j)
            {
-                lastLine += read<int32_t>(data, size, offset);
-                p->abslineinfo[j] = lastLine;
+                lastline += read<int32_t>(data, size, offset);
+                p->abslineinfo[j] = lastline;
            }
        }

--- a/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp
@ -34,10 +34,11 @@ int luaV_tostring(lua_State* L, StkId obj)
        return 0;
    else
    {
-        char s[LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR];
+        char s[LUAI_MAXNUM2STR];
        double n = nvalue(obj);
-        luai_num2str(s, n);
-        setsvalue2s(L, obj, luaS_new(L, s));
+        char* e = luai_num2str(s, n);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(e < s + sizeof(s));
+        setsvalue2s(L, obj, luaS_newlstr(L, s, e - s));
        return 1;
    }
 }
--- a/fuzz/number.cpp
+++ b/fuzz/number.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauSchubfach);
+
+#define LUAI_MAXNUM2STR 48
+
+char* luai_num2str(char* buf, double n);
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, size_t Size)
+{
+    if (Size < 8)
+        return 0;
+
+    FFlag::LuauSchubfach.value = true;
+
+    double num;
+    memcpy(&num, Data, 8);
+
+    char buf[LUAI_MAXNUM2STR];
+    char* end = luai_num2str(buf, num);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(end < buf + sizeof(buf));
+
+    *end = 0;
+
+    double rec = strtod(buf, nullptr);
+
+    LUAU_ASSERT(rec == num || (rec != rec && num != num));
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/tests/AstQuery.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/AstQuery.test.cpp
@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("AstQuery");

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "last_argument_function_call_type")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauTailArgumentTypeInfo{"LuauTailArgumentTypeInfo", true};
-
    check(R"(
 local function foo() return 2 end
 local function bar(a: number) return -a end
--- a/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTraceTypesInNonstrictMode2)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauSetMetatableDoesNotTimeTravel)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)

 using namespace Luau;

@ -1911,11 +1912,14 @@ local bar: @1= foo
    CHECK(!ac.entryMap.count("foo"));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "type_correct_function_no_parenthesis")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular ACFixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("type_correct_function_no_parenthesis")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauAutocompleteAvoidMutation("LuauAutocompleteAvoidMutation", true);
+    ScopedFastFlag sff_LuauUseCommittingTxnLog = ScopedFastFlag("LuauUseCommittingTxnLog", true);
+    ACFixture fix;

-    check(R"(
+    fix.check(R"(
 local function target(a: (number) -> number) return a(4) end
 local function bar1(a: number) return -a end
 local function bar2(a: string) return a .. 'x' end
@ -1923,7 +1927,7 @@ local function bar2(a: string) return a .. 'x' end
 return target(b@1
    )");

-    auto ac = autocomplete('1');
+    auto ac = fix.autocomplete('1');

    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("bar1"));
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["bar1"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);
@ -1976,11 +1980,14 @@ local fp: @1= f
    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("({ x: number, y: number }) -> number"));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "type_correct_keywords")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular ACFixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("type_correct_keywords")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauAutocompleteAvoidMutation("LuauAutocompleteAvoidMutation", true);
+    ScopedFastFlag sff_LuauUseCommittingTxnLog = ScopedFastFlag("LuauUseCommittingTxnLog", true);
+    ACFixture fix;

-    check(R"(
+    fix.check(R"(
 local function a(x: boolean) end
 local function b(x: number?) end
 local function c(x: (number) -> string) end
@ -1997,26 +2004,26 @@ local dc = d(f@4)
 local ec = e(f@5)
    )");

-    auto ac = autocomplete('1');
+    auto ac = fix.autocomplete('1');
    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("tru"));
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["tru"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::None);
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["true"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["false"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);

-    ac = autocomplete('2');
+    ac = fix.autocomplete('2');
    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("ni"));
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["ni"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::None);
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["nil"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);

-    ac = autocomplete('3');
+    ac = fix.autocomplete('3');
    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("false"));
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["false"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::None);
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["function"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);

-    ac = autocomplete('4');
+    ac = fix.autocomplete('4');
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["function"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);

-    ac = autocomplete('5');
+    ac = fix.autocomplete('5');
    CHECK(ac.entryMap["function"].typeCorrect == TypeCorrectKind::Correct);
 }

@ -2507,21 +2514,23 @@ local t = {
    CHECK(ac.entryMap.count("second"));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(UnfrozenFixture, "autocomplete_documentation_symbols")
+TEST_CASE("autocomplete_documentation_symbols")
 {
-    loadDefinition(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    fix.loadDefinition(R"(
        declare y: {
            x: number,
        }
    )");

-    fileResolver.source["Module/A"] = R"(
+    fix.fileResolver.source["Module/A"] = R"(
        local a = y.
    )";

-    frontend.check("Module/A");
+    fix.frontend.check("Module/A");

-    auto ac = autocomplete(frontend, "Module/A", Position{1, 21}, nullCallback);
+    auto ac = autocomplete(fix.frontend, "Module/A", Position{1, 21}, nullCallback);

    REQUIRE(ac.entryMap.count("x"));
    CHECK_EQ(ac.entryMap["x"].documentationSymbol, "@test/global/y.x");
--- a/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
@ -13,8 +13,11 @@
 #include "ScopedFlags.h"

 #include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
 #include <math.h>

+extern bool verbose;
+
 static int lua_collectgarbage(lua_State* L)
 {
    static const char* const opts[] = {"stop", "restart", "collect", "count", "isrunning", "step", "setgoal", "setstepmul", "setstepsize", nullptr};
@ -146,15 +149,21 @@ static StateRef runConformance(const char* name, void (*setup)(lua_State* L) = n
    luaL_openlibs(L);

    // Register a few global functions for conformance tests
-    static const luaL_Reg funcs[] = {
+    std::vector<luaL_Reg> funcs = {
        {"collectgarbage", lua_collectgarbage},
        {"loadstring", lua_loadstring},
-        {"print", lua_silence}, // Disable print() by default; comment this out to enable debug prints in tests
-        {nullptr, nullptr},
    };

+    if (!verbose)
+    {
+        funcs.push_back({"print", lua_silence});
+    }
+
+    // "null" terminate the list of functions to register
+    funcs.push_back({nullptr, nullptr});
+
    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
-    luaL_register(L, nullptr, funcs);
+    luaL_register(L, nullptr, funcs.data());
    lua_pop(L, 1);

    // In some configurations we have a larger C stack consumption which trips some conformance tests
@ -312,8 +321,6 @@ TEST_CASE("GC")

 TEST_CASE("Bitwise")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauBit32Count", true);
-
    runConformance("bitwise.lua");
 }

@ -491,6 +498,9 @@ TEST_CASE("DateTime")

 TEST_CASE("Debug")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sffr("LuauBytecodeV2Read", true);
+    ScopedFastFlag sffw("LuauBytecodeV2Write", true);
+
    runConformance("debug.lua");
 }

@ -738,8 +748,6 @@ TEST_CASE("ApiFunctionCalls")

    // lua_equal with a sleeping thread wake up
    {
-        ScopedFastFlag luauActivateBeforeExec("LuauActivateBeforeExec", true);
-
        lua_State* L2 = lua_newthread(L);

        lua_getfield(L2, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "create_with_tm");
@ -913,4 +921,11 @@ TEST_CASE("Coverage")
        nullptr, nullptr, &copts);
 }

+TEST_CASE("StringConversion")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauSchubfach", true};
+
+    runConformance("strconv.lua");
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
--- a/tests/Fixture.cpp
+++ b/tests/Fixture.cpp
@ -103,11 +103,6 @@ Fixture::~Fixture()
    Luau::resetPrintLine();
 }

-UnfrozenFixture::UnfrozenFixture()
-    : Fixture(false)
-{
-}
-
 AstStatBlock* Fixture::parse(const std::string& source, const ParseOptions& parseOptions)
 {
    sourceModule.reset(new SourceModule);
--- a/tests/Fixture.h
+++ b/tests/Fixture.h
@ -152,15 +152,6 @@ struct Fixture
    LoadDefinitionFileResult loadDefinition(const std::string& source);
 };

-// Disables arena freezing for a given test case.
-// Do not use this in new tests. If you are running into access violations, you
-// are violating Luau's memory model - the fix is not to use UnfrozenFixture.
-// Related: CLI-45692
-struct UnfrozenFixture : Fixture
-{
-    UnfrozenFixture();
-};
-
 ModuleName fromString(std::string_view name);

 template<typename T>
--- a/tests/Frontend.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Frontend.test.cpp
@ -914,6 +914,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(FrontendFixture, "typecheck_twice_for_ast_types")

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(FrontendFixture, "imported_table_modification_2")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sffs("LuauSealExports", true);
+
    frontend.options.retainFullTypeGraphs = false;

    fileResolver.source["Module/A"] = R"(
@ -927,7 +929,7 @@ return a;
 --!nonstrict
 local a = require(script.Parent.A)
 local b = {}
-function a:b() end -- this should error, but doesn't
+function a:b() end -- this should error, since A doesn't define a:b()
 return b
    )";

@ -942,8 +944,7 @@ a:b() -- this should error, since A doesn't define a:b()
    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(resultA);

    CheckResult resultB = frontend.check("Module/B");
-    // TODO (CLI-45592): this should error, since we shouldn't be adding properties to objects from other modules
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(resultB);
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(resultB);

    CheckResult resultC = frontend.check("Module/C");
    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(resultC);
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.annotations.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.annotations.test.cpp
@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ struct AssertionCatcher
    {
        tripped = 0;
        oldhook = Luau::assertHandler();
-        Luau::assertHandler() = [](const char* expr, const char* file, int line) -> int {
+        Luau::assertHandler() = [](const char* expr, const char* file, int line, const char* function) -> int {
            ++tripped;
            return 0;
        };
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp
@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFixTonumberReturnType)

 using namespace Luau;

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("BuiltinTests");

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "math_things_are_defined")
@ -444,19 +446,28 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "os_time_takes_optional_date_table")
    CHECK_EQ(*typeChecker.numberType, *requireType("n3"));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "thread_is_a_type")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular Fixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("thread_is_a_type")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    CheckResult result = fix.check(R"(
        local co = coroutine.create(function() end)
    )");

-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    CHECK_EQ(*typeChecker.threadType, *requireType("co"));
+    // Replace with LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result) when using TEST_CASE_FIXTURE.
+    CHECK(result.errors.size() == 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(*fix.typeChecker.threadType, *fix.requireType("co"));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "coroutine_resume_anything_goes")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular Fixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("coroutine_resume_anything_goes")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    CheckResult result = fix.check(R"(
        local function nifty(x, y)
            print(x, y)
            local z = coroutine.yield(1, 2)
@ -469,12 +480,17 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "coroutine_resume_anything_goes")
        local answer = coroutine.resume(co, 3)
    )");

-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    // Replace with LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result) when using TEST_CASE_FIXTURE.
+    CHECK(result.errors.size() == 0);
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "coroutine_wrap_anything_goes")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular Fixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("coroutine_wrap_anything_goes")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    CheckResult result = fix.check(R"(
        --!nonstrict
        local function nifty(x, y)
            print(x, y)
@ -488,7 +504,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "coroutine_wrap_anything_goes")
        local answer = f(3)
    )");

-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    // Replace with LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result) when using TEST_CASE_FIXTURE.
+    CHECK(result.errors.size() == 0);
 }

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "setmetatable_should_not_mutate_persisted_types")
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.generics.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.generics.test.cpp
@ -629,8 +629,6 @@ return exports

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "instantiated_function_argument_names")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauFunctionArgumentNameSize{"LuauFunctionArgumentNameSize", true};
-
    CheckResult result = check(R"(
 local function f<T, U...>(a: T, ...: U...) end

--- a/tests/TypeInfer.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.test.cpp
@ -4803,8 +4803,6 @@ local bar = foo.nutrition + 100

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "require_failed_module")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauModuleRequireErrorPack{"LuauModuleRequireErrorPack", true};
-
    fileResolver.source["game/A"] = R"(
 return unfortunately()
    )";
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.tryUnify.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.tryUnify.test.cpp
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauQuantifyInPlace2);

 using namespace Luau;

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+
 struct TryUnifyFixture : Fixture
 {
    TypeArena arena;
@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "primitives_unify")
    TypeVar numberOne{TypeVariant{PrimitiveTypeVar{PrimitiveTypeVar::Number}}};
    TypeVar numberTwo = numberOne;

-    state.tryUnify(&numberOne, &numberTwo);
+    state.tryUnify(&numberTwo, &numberOne);

    CHECK(state.errors.empty());
 }
@ -41,9 +43,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "compatible_functions_are_unified")
    TypeVar functionTwo{TypeVariant{
        FunctionTypeVar(arena.addTypePack({arena.freshType(globalScope->level)}), arena.addTypePack({arena.freshType(globalScope->level)}))}};

-    state.tryUnify(&functionOne, &functionTwo);
+    state.tryUnify(&functionTwo, &functionOne);
    CHECK(state.errors.empty());

+    if (FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+        state.log.commit();
+
    CHECK_EQ(functionOne, functionTwo);
 }

@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "incompatible_functions_are_preserved")

    TypeVar functionTwoSaved = functionTwo;

-    state.tryUnify(&functionOne, &functionTwo);
+    state.tryUnify(&functionTwo, &functionOne);
    CHECK(!state.errors.empty());

    CHECK_EQ(functionOne, functionOneSaved);
@ -80,10 +85,13 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "tables_can_be_unified")

    CHECK_NE(*getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableOne)->props["foo"].type, *getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableTwo)->props["foo"].type);

-    state.tryUnify(&tableOne, &tableTwo);
+    state.tryUnify(&tableTwo, &tableOne);

    CHECK(state.errors.empty());

+    if (FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+        state.log.commit();
+
    CHECK_EQ(*getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableOne)->props["foo"].type, *getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableTwo)->props["foo"].type);
 }

@ -101,11 +109,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "incompatible_tables_are_preserved")

    CHECK_NE(*getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableOne)->props["foo"].type, *getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableTwo)->props["foo"].type);

-    state.tryUnify(&tableOne, &tableTwo);
+    state.tryUnify(&tableTwo, &tableOne);

    CHECK_EQ(1, state.errors.size());

-    state.log.rollback();
+    if (!FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+        state.DEPRECATED_log.rollback();

    CHECK_NE(*getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableOne)->props["foo"].type, *getMutable<TableTypeVar>(&tableTwo)->props["foo"].type);
 }
@ -170,7 +179,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "variadic_type_pack_unification")
    TypePackVar testPack{TypePack{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType}, std::nullopt}};
    TypePackVar variadicPack{VariadicTypePack{typeChecker.numberType}};

-    state.tryUnify(&variadicPack, &testPack);
+    state.tryUnify(&testPack, &variadicPack);
    CHECK(!state.errors.empty());
 }

@ -180,7 +189,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "variadic_tails_respect_progress")
    TypePackVar a{TypePack{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType, typeChecker.booleanType, typeChecker.booleanType}}};
    TypePackVar b{TypePack{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType}, &variadicPack}};

-    state.tryUnify(&a, &b);
+    state.tryUnify(&b, &a);
    CHECK(state.errors.empty());
 }

@ -214,32 +223,41 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "cli_41095_concat_log_in_sealed_table_unifica
    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]), "Available overloads: ({a}, a) -> (); and ({a}, number, a) -> ()");
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "undo_new_prop_on_unsealed_table")
+TEST_CASE("undo_new_prop_on_unsealed_table")
 {
    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
        {"LuauTableSubtypingVariance2", true},
+        // This test makes no sense with a committing TxnLog.
+        {"LuauUseCommittingTxnLog", false},
    };
    // I am not sure how to make this happen in Luau code.

-    TypeId unsealedTable = arena.addType(TableTypeVar{TableState::Unsealed, TypeLevel{}});
-    TypeId sealedTable = arena.addType(TableTypeVar{
-        {{"prop", Property{getSingletonTypes().numberType}}},
-        std::nullopt,
-        TypeLevel{},
-        TableState::Sealed
-    });
+    TryUnifyFixture fix;
+
+    TypeId unsealedTable = fix.arena.addType(TableTypeVar{TableState::Unsealed, TypeLevel{}});
+    TypeId sealedTable =
+        fix.arena.addType(TableTypeVar{{{"prop", Property{getSingletonTypes().numberType}}}, std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});

    const TableTypeVar* ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(unsealedTable);
    REQUIRE(ttv);

-    state.tryUnify(unsealedTable, sealedTable);
+    fix.state.tryUnify(sealedTable, unsealedTable);

    // To be honest, it's really quite spooky here that we're amending an unsealed table in this case.
    CHECK(!ttv->props.empty());

-    state.log.rollback();
+    fix.state.DEPRECATED_log.rollback();

    CHECK(ttv->props.empty());
 }

+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(TryUnifyFixture, "free_tail_is_grown_properly")
+{
+    TypePackId threeNumbers = arena.addTypePack(TypePack{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.numberType}, std::nullopt});
+    TypePackId numberAndFreeTail = arena.addTypePack(TypePack{{typeChecker.numberType}, arena.addTypePack(TypePackVar{FreeTypePack{TypeLevel{}}})});
+
+    ErrorVec unifyErrors = state.canUnify(numberAndFreeTail, threeNumbers);
+    CHECK(unifyErrors.size() == 0);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp
@ -10,6 +10,8 @@

 using namespace Luau;

+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("TypePackTests");

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_multi_return")
@ -263,10 +265,13 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "variadic_pack_syntax")
    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("foo")), "(...number) -> ()");
 }

-// CLI-45791
-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(UnfrozenFixture, "type_pack_hidden_free_tail_infinite_growth")
+// Switch back to TEST_CASE_FIXTURE with regular Fixture when removing the
+// LuauUseCommittingTxnLog flag.
+TEST_CASE("type_pack_hidden_free_tail_infinite_growth")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    CheckResult result = fix.check(R"(
 --!nonstrict
 if _ then
    _[function(l0)end],l0 = _
@ -278,7 +283,8 @@ elseif _ then
 end
    )");

-    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+    // Switch back to LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result) when using TEST_CASE_FIXTURE.
+    CHECK(result.errors.size() > 0);
 }

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "variadic_argument_tail")
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.unionTypes.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.unionTypes.test.cpp
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "doctest.h"

 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauEqConstraint)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauUseCommittingTxnLog)

 using namespace Luau;

@ -282,16 +283,19 @@ local c = b:foo(1, 2)
    CHECK_EQ("Value of type 'A?' could be nil", toString(result.errors[0]));
 }

-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(UnfrozenFixture, "optional_union_follow")
+TEST_CASE("optional_union_follow")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    Fixture fix(FFlag::LuauUseCommittingTxnLog);
+
+    CheckResult result = fix.check(R"(
 local y: number? = 2
 local x = y
 local function f(a: number, b: typeof(x), c: typeof(x)) return -a end
 return f()
    )");

-    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+    REQUIRE_EQ(result.errors.size(), 1);
+    // LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);

    auto acm = get<CountMismatch>(result.errors[0]);
    REQUIRE(acm);
--- a/tests/TypeVar.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeVar.test.cpp
@ -185,6 +185,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "UnionTypeVarIterator_with_empty_union")

 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "substitution_skip_failure")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauSealExports", true};
+
    TypeVar ftv11{FreeTypeVar{TypeLevel{}}};

    TypePackVar tp24{TypePack{{&ftv11}}};
@ -261,7 +263,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "substitution_skip_failure")

    TypeId result = typeChecker.anyify(typeChecker.globalScope, root, Location{});

-    CHECK_EQ("{ f: t1 } where t1 = () -> { f: () -> { f: ({ f: t1 }) -> (), signal: { f: (any) -> () } } }", toString(result));
+    CHECK_EQ("{| f: t1 |} where t1 = () -> {| f: () -> {| f: ({| f: t1 |}) -> (), signal: {| f: (any) -> () |} |} |}", toString(result));
 }

 TEST_CASE("tagging_tables")
--- a/tests/conformance/debug.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/debug.lua
@ -98,4 +98,13 @@ assert(quuz(function(...) end) == "0 true")
 assert(quuz(function(a, b) end) == "2 false")
 assert(quuz(function(a, b, ...) end) == "2 true")

+-- info linedefined & line
+function testlinedefined()
+	local line = debug.info(1, "l")
+	local linedefined = debug.info(testlinedefined, "l")
+	assert(linedefined + 1 == line)
+end
+
+testlinedefined()
+
 return 'OK'
--- a/tests/conformance/strconv.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/strconv.lua
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+-- This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+-- This file is based on Lua 5.x tests -- https://github.com/lua/lua/tree/master/testes
+print("testing string-number conversion")
+
+-- zero
+assert(tostring(0) == "0")
+assert(tostring(0/-1) == "-0")
+
+-- specials
+assert(tostring(1/0) == "inf")
+assert(tostring(-1/0) == "-inf")
+assert(tostring(0/0) == "nan")
+
+-- integers
+assert(tostring(1) == "1")
+assert(tostring(42) == "42")
+assert(tostring(-4294967296) == "-4294967296")
+assert(tostring(9007199254740991) == "9007199254740991")
+
+-- decimals
+assert(tostring(0.5) == "0.5")
+assert(tostring(0.1) == "0.1")
+assert(tostring(-0.17) == "-0.17")
+assert(tostring(math.pi) == "3.141592653589793")
+
+-- fuzzing corpus
+assert(tostring(5.4536123983019448e-311) == "5.453612398302e-311")
+assert(tostring(5.4834368411298348e-311) == "5.48343684113e-311")
+assert(tostring(4.4154895841930002e-305) == "4.415489584193e-305")
+assert(tostring(1125968630513728) == "1125968630513728")
+assert(tostring(3.3951932655938423e-313) == "3.3951932656e-313")
+assert(tostring(1.625) == "1.625")
+assert(tostring(4.9406564584124654e-324) == "5.e-324")
+assert(tostring(2.0049288280105384) == "2.0049288280105384")
+assert(tostring(3.0517578125e-05) == "0.000030517578125")
+assert(tostring(1.383544921875) == "1.383544921875")
+assert(tostring(3.0053350932691001) == "3.0053350932691")
+assert(tostring(0.0001373291015625) == "0.0001373291015625")
+assert(tostring(-1.9490628022799998e+289) == "-1.94906280228e+289")
+assert(tostring(-0.00610404721867928) == "-0.00610404721867928")
+assert(tostring(0.00014495849609375) == "0.00014495849609375")
+assert(tostring(0.453125) == "0.453125")
+assert(tostring(-4.2375343999999997e+73) == "-4.2375344e+73")
+assert(tostring(1.3202313930270133e-192) == "1.3202313930270133e-192")
+assert(tostring(3.6984408976312836e+19) == "36984408976312840000")
+assert(tostring(2.0563000527063302) == "2.05630005270633")
+assert(tostring(4.8970527433648997e-260) == "4.8970527433649e-260")
+assert(tostring(1.62890625) == "1.62890625")
+assert(tostring(1.1295093211933533e+65) == "1.1295093211933533e+65")
+
+return "OK"
--- a/tests/main.cpp
+++ b/tests/main.cpp
@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #include "Luau/Common.h"

 #define DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT
+// Our calls to parseOption/parseFlag don't provide a prefix so set the prefix to the empty string.
+#define DOCTEST_CONFIG_OPTIONS_PREFIX ""
 #include "doctest.h"

 #ifdef _WIN32
@ -18,6 +20,10 @@

 #include <optional>

+// Indicates if verbose output is enabled.
+// Currently, this enables  output from lua's 'print', but other verbose output could be enabled eventually.
+bool verbose = false;
+
 static bool skipFastFlag(const char* flagName)
 {
    if (strncmp(flagName, "Test", 4) == 0)
@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ static bool debuggerPresent()
 #endif
 }

-static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line)
+static int assertionHandler(const char* expr, const char* file, int line, const char* function)
 {
    if (debuggerPresent())
        LUAU_DEBUGBREAK();
@ -235,6 +241,11 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
        return 0;
    }

+    if (doctest::parseFlag(argc, argv, "--verbose"))
+    {
+        verbose = true;
+    }
+
    if (std::vector<doctest::String> flags; doctest::parseCommaSepArgs(argc, argv, "--fflags=", flags))
        setFastFlags(flags);

@ -261,7 +272,15 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
        }
    }

-    return context.run();
+    int result = context.run();
+    if (doctest::parseFlag(argc, argv, "--help") || doctest::parseFlag(argc, argv, "-h"))
+    {
+        printf("Additional command line options:\n");
+        printf(" --verbose                             Enables verbose output (e.g. lua 'print' statements)\n");
+        printf(" --fflags=                             Sets specified fast flags\n");
+        printf(" --list-fflags                         List all fast flags\n");
+    }
+    return result;
 }


--- a/tools/numprint.py
+++ b/tools/numprint.py
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+
+# This code can be used to generate power tables for Schubfach algorithm (see lnumprint.cpp)
+
+import math
+import sys
+
+(_, pow10min, pow10max, compact) = sys.argv
+pow10min = int(pow10min)
+pow10max = int(pow10max)
+compact = compact == "True"
+
+# extract high 128 bits of the value
+def high128(n, roundup):
+	L = math.ceil(math.log2(n))
+
+	r = 0
+	for i in range(L - 128, L):
+		if i >= 0 and (n & (1 << i)) != 0:
+			r |= (1 << (i - L + 128))
+
+	return r + (1 if roundup else 0)
+
+def pow10approx(n):
+	if n == 0:
+		return 1 << 127
+	elif n > 0:
+		return high128(10**n, 5**n >= 2**128)
+	else:
+		# 10^-n is a binary fraction that can't be represented in floating point
+		# we need to extract top 128 bits of the fraction starting from the first 1
+		# to get there, we need to divide 2^k by 10^n for a sufficiently large k and repeat the extraction process
+		p = 10**-n
+		k = 2**128 * 16**-n # this guarantees that the fraction has more than 128 extra bits
+		return high128(k // p, True)
+
+def pow5_64(n):
+	assert(n >= 0)
+	if n == 0:
+		return 1 << 63
+	else:
+		return high128(5**n, False) >> 64
+
+if not compact:
+	print("// kPow10Table", pow10min, "..", pow10max)
+	print("{")
+	for p in range(pow10min, pow10max + 1):
+		h = hex(pow10approx(p))[2:]
+		assert(len(h) == 32)
+		print("    {0x%s, 0x%s}," % (h[0:16].upper(), h[16:32].upper()))
+	print("}")
+else:
+	print("// kPow5Table")
+	print("{")
+	for i in range(16):
+		print("    " + hex(pow5_64(i)) + ",")
+	print("}")
+	print("// kPow10Table", pow10min, "..", pow10max)
+	print("{")
+	for p in range(pow10min, pow10max + 1, 16):
+		base = pow10approx(p)
+		errw = 0
+		for i in range(16):
+			real = pow10approx(p + i)
+			appr = (base * pow5_64(i)) >> 64
+			scale = 1 if appr < (1 << 127) else 0 # 1-bit scale
+
+			offset = (appr << scale) - real
+			assert(offset >= -4 and offset <= 3) # 3-bit offset
+			assert((appr << scale) >> 64 == real >> 64) # offset only affects low half
+			assert((appr << scale) - offset == real) # validate full reconstruction
+
+			err = (scale << 3) | (offset + 4)
+			errw |= err << (i * 4)
+
+		hbase = hex(base)[2:]
+		assert(len(hbase) == 32)
+		assert(errw < 1 << 64)
+
+		print("    {0x%s, 0x%s, 0x%16x}," % (hbase[0:16], hbase[16:32], errw))
+	print("}")