Sync to upstream/release/523 (#459)

Analysis/include/Luau/Clone.h

@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ using SeenTypePacks = std::unordered_map<TypePackId, TypePackId>;
 
 struct CloneState
 {
+    SeenTypes seenTypes;
+    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
+
     int recursionCount = 0;
     bool encounteredFreeType = false;
 };
 
-TypePackId clone(TypePackId tp, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState);
+TypePackId clone(TypePackId tp, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState);
-TypeId clone(TypeId tp, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState);
+TypeId clone(TypeId tp, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState);
-TypeFun clone(const TypeFun& typeFun, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState);
+TypeFun clone(const TypeFun& typeFun, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState);
 
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/Error.h

@@ -287,12 +287,20 @@ struct TypesAreUnrelated
     bool operator==(const TypesAreUnrelated& rhs) const;
 };
 
+struct NormalizationTooComplex
+{
+    bool operator==(const NormalizationTooComplex&) const
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
 using TypeErrorData =
     Variant<TypeMismatch, UnknownSymbol, UnknownProperty, NotATable, CannotExtendTable, OnlyTablesCanHaveMethods, DuplicateTypeDefinition,
         CountMismatch, FunctionDoesNotTakeSelf, FunctionRequiresSelf, OccursCheckFailed, UnknownRequire, IncorrectGenericParameterCount, SyntaxError,
         CodeTooComplex, UnificationTooComplex, UnknownPropButFoundLikeProp, GenericError, CannotCallNonFunction, ExtraInformation, DeprecatedApiUsed,
         ModuleHasCyclicDependency, IllegalRequire, FunctionExitsWithoutReturning, DuplicateGenericParameter, CannotInferBinaryOperation,
-        MissingProperties, SwappedGenericTypeParameter, OptionalValueAccess, MissingUnionProperty, TypesAreUnrelated>;
+        MissingProperties, SwappedGenericTypeParameter, OptionalValueAccess, MissingUnionProperty, TypesAreUnrelated, NormalizationTooComplex>;
 
 struct TypeError
 {

Analysis/include/Luau/Frontend.h

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ struct SourceNode
     std::vector<std::pair<ModuleName, Location>> requireLocations;
     bool dirty = true;
     bool dirtyAutocomplete = true;
+    double autocompleteLimitsMult = 1.0;
 };
 
 struct FrontendOptions

Analysis/include/Luau/LValue.h

@@ -35,8 +35,12 @@ const LValue* baseof(const LValue& lvalue);
 std::optional<LValue> tryGetLValue(const class AstExpr& expr);
 
 // Utility function: breaks down an LValue to get at the Symbol, and reverses the vector of keys.
+// TODO: remove with FFlagLuauTypecheckOptPass
 std::pair<Symbol, std::vector<std::string>> getFullName(const LValue& lvalue);
 
+// Utility function: breaks down an LValue to get at the Symbol
+Symbol getBaseSymbol(const LValue& lvalue);
+
 template<typename T>
 const T* get(const LValue& lvalue)
 {

Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ struct Module
     // This helps us to force TypeVar ownership into a DAG rather than a DCG.
     // Returns true if there were any free types encountered in the public interface. This
     // indicates a bug in the type checker that we want to surface.
-    bool clonePublicInterface();
+    bool clonePublicInterface(InternalErrorReporter& ice);
 };
 
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/Normalize.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+
+#include "Luau/Substitution.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeVar.h"
+#include "Luau/Module.h"
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+
+struct InternalErrorReporter;
+
+bool isSubtype(TypeId superTy, TypeId subTy, InternalErrorReporter& ice);
+
+std::pair<TypeId, bool> normalize(TypeId ty, TypeArena& arena, InternalErrorReporter& ice);
+std::pair<TypeId, bool> normalize(TypeId ty, const ModulePtr& module, InternalErrorReporter& ice);
+std::pair<TypePackId, bool> normalize(TypePackId ty, TypeArena& arena, InternalErrorReporter& ice);
+std::pair<TypePackId, bool> normalize(TypePackId ty, const ModulePtr& module, InternalErrorReporter& ice);
+
+} // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/RecursionCounter.h

@@ -4,10 +4,21 @@
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <exception>
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauRecursionLimitException);
 
 namespace Luau
 {
 
+struct RecursionLimitException : public std::exception
+{
+    const char* what() const noexcept
+    {
+        return "Internal recursion counter limit exceeded";
+    }
+};
+
 struct RecursionCounter
 {
     RecursionCounter(int* count)
@@ -28,11 +39,22 @@ private:
 
 struct RecursionLimiter : RecursionCounter
 {
-    RecursionLimiter(int* count, int limit)
+    // TODO: remove ctx after LuauRecursionLimitException is removed
+    RecursionLimiter(int* count, int limit, const char* ctx)
         : RecursionCounter(count)
     {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ctx);
         if (limit > 0 && *count > limit)
-            throw std::runtime_error("Internal recursion counter limit exceeded");
+        {
+            if (FFlag::LuauRecursionLimitException)
+                throw RecursionLimitException();
+            else
+            {
+                std::string m = "Internal recursion counter limit exceeded: ";
+                m += ctx;
+                throw std::runtime_error(m);
+            }
+        }
     }
 };
 

Analysis/include/Luau/Substitution.h

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ struct Tarjan
     std::vector<int> lowlink;
 
     int childCount = 0;
+    int childLimit = 0;
 
     // This should never be null; ensure you initialize it before calling
     // substitution methods.

Analysis/include/Luau/ToString.h

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ struct ToStringOptions
     bool functionTypeArguments = false;           // If true, output function type argument names when they are available
     bool hideTableKind = false;                   // If true, all tables will be surrounded with plain '{}'
     bool hideNamedFunctionTypeParameters = false; // If true, type parameters of functions will be hidden at top-level.
+    bool indent = false;
     size_t maxTableLength = size_t(FInt::LuauTableTypeMaximumStringifierLength); // Only applied to TableTypeVars
     size_t maxTypeLength = size_t(FInt::LuauTypeMaximumStringifierLength);
     std::optional<ToStringNameMap> nameMap;
@@ -73,6 +74,8 @@ std::string toStringNamedFunction(const std::string& funcName, const FunctionTyp
 std::string dump(TypeId ty);
 std::string dump(TypePackId ty);
 
+std::string dump(const std::shared_ptr<Scope>& scope, const char* name);
+
 std::string generateName(size_t n);
 
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/TxnLog.h

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "Luau/TypeVar.h"
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauShareTxnSeen);
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -64,13 +64,17 @@ T* getMutable(PendingTypePack* pending)
 struct TxnLog
 {
     TxnLog()
-        : ownedSeen()
+        : typeVarChanges(nullptr)
+        , typePackChanges(nullptr)
+        , ownedSeen()
         , sharedSeen(&ownedSeen)
     {
     }
 
     explicit TxnLog(TxnLog* parent)
-        : parent(parent)
+        : typeVarChanges(nullptr)
+        , typePackChanges(nullptr)
+        , parent(parent)
     {
         if (parent)
         {
@@ -83,14 +87,19 @@ struct TxnLog
     }
 
     explicit TxnLog(std::vector<std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId>>* sharedSeen)
-        : sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
+        : typeVarChanges(nullptr)
+        , typePackChanges(nullptr)
+        , sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
     {
     }
 
     TxnLog(TxnLog* parent, std::vector<std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId>>* sharedSeen)
-        : parent(parent)
+        : typeVarChanges(nullptr)
+        , typePackChanges(nullptr)
+        , parent(parent)
         , sharedSeen(sharedSeen)
     {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass);
     }
 
     TxnLog(const TxnLog&) = delete;
@@ -243,6 +252,12 @@ struct TxnLog
         return Luau::getMutable<T>(ty);
     }
 
+    template<typename T, typename TID>
+    const T* get(TID ty) const
+    {
+        return this->getMutable<T>(ty);
+    }
+
     // Returns whether a given type or type pack is a given state, respecting the
     // log's pending state.
     //
@@ -263,11 +278,8 @@ private:
     // unique_ptr is used to give us stable pointers across insertions into the
     // map. Otherwise, it would be really easy to accidentally invalidate the
     // pointers returned from queue/pending.
-    //
+    DenseHashMap<TypeId, std::unique_ptr<PendingType>> typeVarChanges;
-    // We can't use a DenseHashMap here because we need a non-const iterator
+    DenseHashMap<TypePackId, std::unique_ptr<PendingTypePack>> typePackChanges;
-    // over the map when we concatenate.
-    std::unordered_map<TypeId, std::unique_ptr<PendingType>, DenseHashPointer> typeVarChanges;
-    std::unordered_map<TypePackId, std::unique_ptr<PendingTypePack>, DenseHashPointer> typePackChanges;
 
     TxnLog* parent = nullptr;
 

Analysis/include/Luau/TypeInfer.h

@@ -76,19 +76,32 @@ struct Instantiation : Substitution
 // A substitution which replaces free types by any
 struct Anyification : Substitution
 {
-    Anyification(TypeArena* arena, TypeId anyType, TypePackId anyTypePack)
+    Anyification(TypeArena* arena, InternalErrorReporter* iceHandler, TypeId anyType, TypePackId anyTypePack)
         : Substitution(TxnLog::empty(), arena)
+        , iceHandler(iceHandler)
         , anyType(anyType)
         , anyTypePack(anyTypePack)
     {
     }
 
+    InternalErrorReporter* iceHandler;
+
     TypeId anyType;
     TypePackId anyTypePack;
+    bool normalizationTooComplex = false;
     bool isDirty(TypeId ty) override;
     bool isDirty(TypePackId tp) override;
     TypeId clean(TypeId ty) override;
     TypePackId clean(TypePackId tp) override;
+
+    bool ignoreChildren(TypeId ty) override
+    {
+        return ty->persistent;
+    }
+    bool ignoreChildren(TypePackId ty) override
+    {
+        return ty->persistent;
+    }
 };
 
 // A substitution which replaces the type parameters of a type function by arguments
@@ -139,6 +152,7 @@ struct TypeChecker
     TypeChecker& operator=(const TypeChecker&) = delete;
 
     ModulePtr check(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope = std::nullopt);
+    ModulePtr checkWithoutRecursionCheck(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope = std::nullopt);
 
     std::vector<std::pair<Location, ScopePtr>> getScopes() const;
 
@@ -160,6 +174,7 @@ struct TypeChecker
     void check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatDeclareFunction& declaredFunction);
 
     void checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& statement);
+    void checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& statement);
     void checkBlockTypeAliases(const ScopePtr& scope, std::vector<AstStat*>& sorted);
 
     ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr(
@@ -172,6 +187,7 @@ struct TypeChecker
     ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIndexExpr& expr);
     ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprFunction& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = std::nullopt);
     ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = std::nullopt);
+    ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr_(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = std::nullopt);
     ExprResult<TypeId> checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprUnary& expr);
     TypeId checkRelationalOperation(
         const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprBinary& expr, TypeId lhsType, TypeId rhsType, const PredicateVec& predicates = {});
@@ -258,6 +274,8 @@ struct TypeChecker
     ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location);
     ErrorVec canUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location);
 
+    void unifyLowerBound(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location);
+
     std::optional<TypeId> findMetatableEntry(TypeId type, std::string entry, const Location& location);
     std::optional<TypeId> findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, Name name, const Location& location);
 
@@ -395,6 +413,7 @@ private:
     void resolve(const EqPredicate& eqP, ErrorVec& errVec, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense);
 
     bool isNonstrictMode() const;
+    bool useConstrainedIntersections() const;
 
 public:
     /** Extract the types in a type pack, given the assumption that the pack must have some exact length.
@@ -421,7 +440,10 @@ public:
 
     std::vector<RequireCycle> requireCycles;
 
+    // Type inference limits
     std::optional<double> finishTime;
+    std::optional<int> instantiationChildLimit;
+    std::optional<int> unifierIterationLimit;
 
 public:
     const TypeId nilType;

Analysis/include/Luau/TypePack.h

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ struct TypePack
 struct VariadicTypePack
 {
     TypeId ty;
+    bool hidden = false; // if true, we don't display this when toString()ing a pack with this variadic as its tail.
 };
 
 struct TypePackVar
@@ -109,10 +110,10 @@ private:
 };
 
 TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp);
-TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log);
+TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog* log);
 TypePackIterator end(TypePackId tp);
 
-using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<void*, void*>>;
+using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<const void*, const void*>>;
 
 bool areEqual(SeenSet& seen, const TypePackVar& lhs, const TypePackVar& rhs);
 
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ TypePackId follow(TypePackId tp, std::function<TypePackId(TypePackId)> mapper);
 size_t size(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log = nullptr);
 bool finite(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log = nullptr);
 size_t size(const TypePack& tp, TxnLog* log = nullptr);
-std::optional<TypeId> first(TypePackId tp);
+std::optional<TypeId> first(TypePackId tp, bool ignoreHiddenVariadics = true);
 
 TypePackVar* asMutable(TypePackId tp);
 TypePack* asMutable(const TypePack* tp);
@@ -154,5 +155,12 @@ bool isEmpty(TypePackId tp);
 
 /// Flattens out a type pack.  Also returns a valid TypePackId tail if the type pack's full size is not known
 std::pair<std::vector<TypeId>, std::optional<TypePackId>> flatten(TypePackId tp);
+std::pair<std::vector<TypeId>, std::optional<TypePackId>> flatten(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog& log);
+
+/// Returs true if the type pack arose from a function that is declared to be variadic.
+/// Returns *false* for function argument packs that are inferred to be safe to oversaturate!
+bool isVariadic(TypePackId tp);
+bool isVariadic(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog& log);
+
 
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/TypeVar.h

@@ -109,6 +109,23 @@ struct PrimitiveTypeVar
     }
 };
 
+struct ConstrainedTypeVar
+{
+    explicit ConstrainedTypeVar(TypeLevel level)
+        : level(level)
+    {
+    }
+
+    explicit ConstrainedTypeVar(TypeLevel level, const std::vector<TypeId>& parts)
+        : parts(parts)
+        , level(level)
+    {
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> parts;
+    TypeLevel level;
+};
+
 // Singleton types https://github.com/Roblox/luau/blob/master/rfcs/syntax-singleton-types.md
 // Types for true and false
 struct BooleanSingleton
@@ -248,6 +265,7 @@ struct FunctionTypeVar
     MagicFunction magicFunction = nullptr; // Function pointer, can be nullptr.
     bool hasSelf;
     Tags tags;
+    bool hasNoGenerics = false;
 };
 
 enum class TableState
@@ -418,8 +436,8 @@ struct LazyTypeVar
 
 using ErrorTypeVar = Unifiable::Error;
 
-using TypeVariant = Unifiable::Variant<TypeId, PrimitiveTypeVar, SingletonTypeVar, FunctionTypeVar, TableTypeVar, MetatableTypeVar, ClassTypeVar,
+using TypeVariant = Unifiable::Variant<TypeId, PrimitiveTypeVar, ConstrainedTypeVar, SingletonTypeVar, FunctionTypeVar, TableTypeVar,
-    AnyTypeVar, UnionTypeVar, IntersectionTypeVar, LazyTypeVar>;
+    MetatableTypeVar, ClassTypeVar, AnyTypeVar, UnionTypeVar, IntersectionTypeVar, LazyTypeVar>;
 
 struct TypeVar final
 {
@@ -436,6 +454,7 @@ struct TypeVar final
     TypeVar(const TypeVariant& ty, bool persistent)
         : ty(ty)
         , persistent(persistent)
+        , normal(persistent) // We assume that all persistent types are irreducable.
     {
     }
 
@@ -446,6 +465,10 @@ struct TypeVar final
     // Persistent TypeVars do not get cloned.
     bool persistent = false;
 
+    // Normalization sets this for types that are fully normalized.
+    // This implies that they are transitively immutable.
+    bool normal = false;
+
     std::optional<std::string> documentationSymbol;
 
     // Pointer to the type arena that allocated this type.
@@ -458,7 +481,7 @@ struct TypeVar final
     TypeVar& operator=(TypeVariant&& rhs);
 };
 
-using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<void*, void*>>;
+using SeenSet = std::set<std::pair<const void*, const void*>>;
 bool areEqual(SeenSet& seen, const TypeVar& lhs, const TypeVar& rhs);
 
 // Follow BoundTypeVars until we get to something real
@@ -545,6 +568,8 @@ void persist(TypePackId tp);
 const TypeLevel* getLevel(TypeId ty);
 TypeLevel* getMutableLevel(TypeId ty);
 
+std::optional<TypeLevel> getLevel(TypePackId tp);
+
 const Property* lookupClassProp(const ClassTypeVar* cls, const Name& name);
 bool isSubclass(const ClassTypeVar* cls, const ClassTypeVar* parent);
 

Analysis/include/Luau/Unifiable.h

@@ -56,6 +56,14 @@ struct TypeLevel
     }
 };
 
+inline TypeLevel max(const TypeLevel& a, const TypeLevel& b)
+{
+    if (a.subsumes(b))
+        return b;
+    else
+        return a;
+}
+
 inline TypeLevel min(const TypeLevel& a, const TypeLevel& b)
 {
     if (a.subsumes(b))
@@ -64,7 +72,9 @@ inline TypeLevel min(const TypeLevel& a, const TypeLevel& b)
         return b;
 }
 
-namespace Unifiable
+} // namespace Luau
+
+namespace Luau::Unifiable
 {
 
 using Name = std::string;
@@ -125,7 +135,6 @@ private:
 };
 
 template<typename Id, typename... Value>
-using Variant = Variant<Free, Bound<Id>, Generic, Error, Value...>;
+using Variant = Luau::Variant<Free, Bound<Id>, Generic, Error, Value...>;
 
-} // namespace Unifiable
+} // namespace Luau::Unifiable
-} // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h

@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ struct Unifier
     ErrorVec errors;
     Location location;
     Variance variance = Covariant;
+    bool anyIsTop = false; // If true, we consider any to be a top type.  If false, it is a familiar but weird mix of top and bottom all at once.
     CountMismatch::Context ctx = CountMismatch::Arg;
 
     UnifierSharedState& sharedState;
 
-    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState,
+    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState, TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);
-        TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);
+    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, std::vector<std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId>>* sharedSeen, const Location& location, Variance variance,
-    Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, std::vector<std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId>>* sharedSeen, const Location& location,
+        UnifierSharedState& sharedState, TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);
-        Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState, TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr);
 
     // Test whether the two type vars unify.  Never commits the result.
     ErrorVec canUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
@@ -106,7 +106,12 @@ private:
 
     std::optional<TypeId> findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, Name name);
 
+    void tryUnifyWithConstrainedSubTypeVar(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    void tryUnifyWithConstrainedSuperTypeVar(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+
 public:
+    void unifyLowerBound(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy);
+
     // Report an "infinite type error" if the type "needle" already occurs within "haystack"
     void occursCheck(TypeId needle, TypeId haystack);
     void occursCheck(DenseHashSet<TypeId>& seen, TypeId needle, TypeId haystack);
@@ -115,12 +120,7 @@ public:
 
     Unifier makeChildUnifier();
 
-    // A utility function that appends the given error to the unifier's error log.
+    void reportError(TypeError err);
-    // This allows setting a breakpoint wherever the unifier reports an error.
-    void reportError(TypeError error)
-    {
-        errors.push_back(error);
-    }
 
 private:
     bool isNonstrictMode() const;
@@ -135,4 +135,6 @@ private:
     std::optional<int> firstPackErrorPos;
 };
 
+void promoteTypeLevels(TxnLog& log, const TypeArena* arena, TypeLevel minLevel, TypePackId tp);
+
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/include/Luau/UnifierSharedState.h

@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ struct TypeIdPairHash
 struct UnifierCounters
 {
     int recursionCount = 0;
+    int recursionLimit = 0;
     int iterationCount = 0;
+    int iterationLimit = 0;
 };
 
 struct UnifierSharedState

Analysis/include/Luau/VisitTypeVar.h

@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ void visit(TypeId ty, F& f, Set& seen)
     else if (auto etv = get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty))
         apply(ty, *etv, seen, f);
 
+    else if (auto ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        if (apply(ty, *ctv, seen, f))
+        {
+            for (TypeId part : ctv->parts)
+                visit(part, f, seen);
+        }
+    }
+
     else if (auto ptv = get<PrimitiveTypeVar>(ty))
         apply(ty, *ptv, seen, f);
 

Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp

@@ -151,8 +151,12 @@ static ParenthesesRecommendation getParenRecommendationForFunc(const FunctionTyp
 
     auto idxExpr = nodes.back()->as<AstExprIndexName>();
     bool hasImplicitSelf = idxExpr && idxExpr->op == ':';
-    auto args = Luau::flatten(func->argTypes);
+    auto [argTypes, argVariadicPack] = Luau::flatten(func->argTypes);
-    bool noArgFunction = (args.first.empty() || (hasImplicitSelf && args.first.size() == 1)) && !args.second.has_value();
+
+    if (argVariadicPack.has_value() && isVariadic(*argVariadicPack))
+        return ParenthesesRecommendation::CursorInside;
+
+    bool noArgFunction = argTypes.empty() || (hasImplicitSelf && argTypes.size() == 1);
     return noArgFunction ? ParenthesesRecommendation::CursorAfter : ParenthesesRecommendation::CursorInside;
 }
 

Analysis/src/Clone.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
 #include "Luau/Unifiable.h"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing)
+
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit, 300)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -23,11 +26,11 @@ struct TypePackCloner;
 
 struct TypeCloner
 {
-    TypeCloner(TypeArena& dest, TypeId typeId, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState)
+    TypeCloner(TypeArena& dest, TypeId typeId, CloneState& cloneState)
         : dest(dest)
         , typeId(typeId)
-        , seenTypes(seenTypes)
+        , seenTypes(cloneState.seenTypes)
-        , seenTypePacks(seenTypePacks)
+        , seenTypePacks(cloneState.seenTypePacks)
         , cloneState(cloneState)
     {
     }
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@ struct TypeCloner
     void operator()(const Unifiable::Bound<TypeId>& t);
     void operator()(const Unifiable::Error& t);
     void operator()(const PrimitiveTypeVar& t);
+    void operator()(const ConstrainedTypeVar& t);
     void operator()(const SingletonTypeVar& t);
     void operator()(const FunctionTypeVar& t);
     void operator()(const TableTypeVar& t);
@@ -65,11 +69,11 @@ struct TypePackCloner
     SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks;
     CloneState& cloneState;
 
-    TypePackCloner(TypeArena& dest, TypePackId typePackId, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState)
+    TypePackCloner(TypeArena& dest, TypePackId typePackId, CloneState& cloneState)
         : dest(dest)
         , typePackId(typePackId)
-        , seenTypes(seenTypes)
+        , seenTypes(cloneState.seenTypes)
-        , seenTypePacks(seenTypePacks)
+        , seenTypePacks(cloneState.seenTypePacks)
         , cloneState(cloneState)
     {
     }
@@ -103,13 +107,15 @@ struct TypePackCloner
     // We just need to be sure that we rewrite pointers both to the binder and the bindee to the same pointer.
     void operator()(const Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>& t)
     {
-        TypePackId cloned = clone(t.boundTo, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypePackId cloned = clone(t.boundTo, dest, cloneState);
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing)
+            cloned = dest.addTypePack(TypePackVar{BoundTypePack{cloned}});
         seenTypePacks[typePackId] = cloned;
     }
 
     void operator()(const VariadicTypePack& t)
     {
-        TypePackId cloned = dest.addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{clone(t.ty, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState)}});
+        TypePackId cloned = dest.addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{clone(t.ty, dest, cloneState), /*hidden*/ t.hidden}});
         seenTypePacks[typePackId] = cloned;
     }
 
@@ -121,10 +127,10 @@ struct TypePackCloner
         seenTypePacks[typePackId] = cloned;
 
         for (TypeId ty : t.head)
-            destTp->head.push_back(clone(ty, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState));
+            destTp->head.push_back(clone(ty, dest, cloneState));
 
         if (t.tail)
-            destTp->tail = clone(*t.tail, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+            destTp->tail = clone(*t.tail, dest, cloneState);
     }
 };
 
@@ -150,7 +156,9 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const Unifiable::Generic& t)
 
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const Unifiable::Bound<TypeId>& t)
 {
-    TypeId boundTo = clone(t.boundTo, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId boundTo = clone(t.boundTo, dest, cloneState);
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing)
+        boundTo = dest.addType(BoundTypeVar{boundTo});
     seenTypes[typeId] = boundTo;
 }
 
@@ -164,6 +172,23 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const PrimitiveTypeVar& t)
     defaultClone(t);
 }
 
+void TypeCloner::operator()(const ConstrainedTypeVar& t)
+{
+    cloneState.encounteredFreeType = true;
+
+    TypeId res = dest.addType(ConstrainedTypeVar{t.level});
+    ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = getMutable<ConstrainedTypeVar>(res);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(ctv);
+
+    seenTypes[typeId] = res;
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> parts;
+    for (TypeId part : t.parts)
+        parts.push_back(clone(part, dest, cloneState));
+
+    ctv->parts = std::move(parts);
+}
+
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const SingletonTypeVar& t)
 {
     defaultClone(t);
@@ -178,23 +203,26 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const FunctionTypeVar& t)
     seenTypes[typeId] = result;
 
     for (TypeId generic : t.generics)
-        ftv->generics.push_back(clone(generic, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState));
+        ftv->generics.push_back(clone(generic, dest, cloneState));
 
     for (TypePackId genericPack : t.genericPacks)
-        ftv->genericPacks.push_back(clone(genericPack, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState));
+        ftv->genericPacks.push_back(clone(genericPack, dest, cloneState));
 
     ftv->tags = t.tags;
-    ftv->argTypes = clone(t.argTypes, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    ftv->argTypes = clone(t.argTypes, dest, cloneState);
     ftv->argNames = t.argNames;
-    ftv->retType = clone(t.retType, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    ftv->retType = clone(t.retType, dest, cloneState);
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        ftv->hasNoGenerics = t.hasNoGenerics;
 }
 
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const TableTypeVar& t)
 {
     // If table is now bound to another one, we ignore the content of the original
-    if (t.boundTo)
+    if (!FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing && t.boundTo)
     {
-        TypeId boundTo = clone(*t.boundTo, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypeId boundTo = clone(*t.boundTo, dest, cloneState);
         seenTypes[typeId] = boundTo;
         return;
     }
@@ -209,18 +237,20 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const TableTypeVar& t)
 
     ttv->level = TypeLevel{0, 0};
 
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing && t.boundTo)
+        ttv->boundTo = clone(*t.boundTo, dest, cloneState);
+
     for (const auto& [name, prop] : t.props)
-        ttv->props[name] = {clone(prop.type, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState), prop.deprecated, {}, prop.location, prop.tags};
+        ttv->props[name] = {clone(prop.type, dest, cloneState), prop.deprecated, {}, prop.location, prop.tags};
 
     if (t.indexer)
-        ttv->indexer = TableIndexer{clone(t.indexer->indexType, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState),
+        ttv->indexer = TableIndexer{clone(t.indexer->indexType, dest, cloneState), clone(t.indexer->indexResultType, dest, cloneState)};
-            clone(t.indexer->indexResultType, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState)};
 
     for (TypeId& arg : ttv->instantiatedTypeParams)
-        arg = clone(arg, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        arg = clone(arg, dest, cloneState);
 
     for (TypePackId& arg : ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams)
-        arg = clone(arg, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        arg = clone(arg, dest, cloneState);
 
     if (ttv->state == TableState::Free)
     {
@@ -240,8 +270,8 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const MetatableTypeVar& t)
     MetatableTypeVar* mtv = getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(result);
     seenTypes[typeId] = result;
 
-    mtv->table = clone(t.table, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    mtv->table = clone(t.table, dest, cloneState);
-    mtv->metatable = clone(t.metatable, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    mtv->metatable = clone(t.metatable, dest, cloneState);
 }
 
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const ClassTypeVar& t)
@@ -252,13 +282,13 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const ClassTypeVar& t)
     seenTypes[typeId] = result;
 
     for (const auto& [name, prop] : t.props)
-        ctv->props[name] = {clone(prop.type, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState), prop.deprecated, {}, prop.location, prop.tags};
+        ctv->props[name] = {clone(prop.type, dest, cloneState), prop.deprecated, {}, prop.location, prop.tags};
 
     if (t.parent)
-        ctv->parent = clone(*t.parent, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        ctv->parent = clone(*t.parent, dest, cloneState);
 
     if (t.metatable)
-        ctv->metatable = clone(*t.metatable, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        ctv->metatable = clone(*t.metatable, dest, cloneState);
 }
 
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const AnyTypeVar& t)
@@ -272,7 +302,7 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const UnionTypeVar& t)
     options.reserve(t.options.size());
 
     for (TypeId ty : t.options)
-        options.push_back(clone(ty, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState));
+        options.push_back(clone(ty, dest, cloneState));
 
     TypeId result = dest.addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(options)});
     seenTypes[typeId] = result;
@@ -287,7 +317,7 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const IntersectionTypeVar& t)
     LUAU_ASSERT(option != nullptr);
 
     for (TypeId ty : t.parts)
-        option->parts.push_back(clone(ty, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState));
+        option->parts.push_back(clone(ty, dest, cloneState));
 }
 
 void TypeCloner::operator()(const LazyTypeVar& t)
@@ -297,36 +327,36 @@ void TypeCloner::operator()(const LazyTypeVar& t)
 
 } // anonymous namespace
 
-TypePackId clone(TypePackId tp, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState)
+TypePackId clone(TypePackId tp, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState)
 {
     if (tp->persistent)
         return tp;
 
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&cloneState.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&cloneState.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit, "cloning TypePackId");
 
-    TypePackId& res = seenTypePacks[tp];
+    TypePackId& res = cloneState.seenTypePacks[tp];
 
     if (res == nullptr)
     {
-        TypePackCloner cloner{dest, tp, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState};
+        TypePackCloner cloner{dest, tp, cloneState};
         Luau::visit(cloner, tp->ty); // Mutates the storage that 'res' points into.
     }
 
     return res;
 }
 
-TypeId clone(TypeId typeId, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState)
+TypeId clone(TypeId typeId, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState)
 {
     if (typeId->persistent)
         return typeId;
 
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&cloneState.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&cloneState.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit, "cloning TypeId");
 
-    TypeId& res = seenTypes[typeId];
+    TypeId& res = cloneState.seenTypes[typeId];
 
     if (res == nullptr)
     {
-        TypeCloner cloner{dest, typeId, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState};
+        TypeCloner cloner{dest, typeId, cloneState};
         Luau::visit(cloner, typeId->ty); // Mutates the storage that 'res' points into.
 
         // Persistent types are not being cloned and we get the original type back which might be read-only
@@ -337,33 +367,33 @@ TypeId clone(TypeId typeId, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks
     return res;
 }
 
-TypeFun clone(const TypeFun& typeFun, TypeArena& dest, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState& cloneState)
+TypeFun clone(const TypeFun& typeFun, TypeArena& dest, CloneState& cloneState)
 {
     TypeFun result;
 
     for (auto param : typeFun.typeParams)
     {
-        TypeId ty = clone(param.ty, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypeId ty = clone(param.ty, dest, cloneState);
         std::optional<TypeId> defaultValue;
 
         if (param.defaultValue)
-            defaultValue = clone(*param.defaultValue, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+            defaultValue = clone(*param.defaultValue, dest, cloneState);
 
         result.typeParams.push_back({ty, defaultValue});
     }
 
     for (auto param : typeFun.typePackParams)
     {
-        TypePackId tp = clone(param.tp, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypePackId tp = clone(param.tp, dest, cloneState);
         std::optional<TypePackId> defaultValue;
 
         if (param.defaultValue)
-            defaultValue = clone(*param.defaultValue, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+            defaultValue = clone(*param.defaultValue, dest, cloneState);
 
         result.typePackParams.push_back({tp, defaultValue});
     }
 
-    result.type = clone(typeFun.type, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    result.type = clone(typeFun.type, dest, cloneState);
 
     return result;
 }

Analysis/src/Error.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(BetterDiagnosticCodesInStudio, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTypeMismatchModuleName, false);
 
 static std::string wrongNumberOfArgsString(size_t expectedCount, size_t actualCount, const char* argPrefix = nullptr, bool isVariadic = false)
@@ -252,14 +251,7 @@ struct ErrorConverter
 
     std::string operator()(const Luau::SyntaxError& e) const
     {
-        if (FFlag::BetterDiagnosticCodesInStudio)
+        return e.message;
-        {
-            return e.message;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return "Syntax error: " + e.message;
-        }
     }
 
     std::string operator()(const Luau::CodeTooComplex&) const
@@ -451,6 +443,11 @@ struct ErrorConverter
     {
         return "Cannot cast '" + toString(e.left) + "' into '" + toString(e.right) + "' because the types are unrelated";
     }
+
+    std::string operator()(const NormalizationTooComplex&) const
+    {
+        return "Code is too complex to typecheck! Consider simplifying the code around this area";
+    }
 };
 
 struct InvalidNameChecker
@@ -716,14 +713,14 @@ bool containsParseErrorName(const TypeError& error)
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-void copyError(T& e, TypeArena& destArena, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks& seenTypePacks, CloneState cloneState)
+void copyError(T& e, TypeArena& destArena, CloneState cloneState)
 {
     auto clone = [&](auto&& ty) {
-        return ::Luau::clone(ty, destArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        return ::Luau::clone(ty, destArena, cloneState);
     };
 
     auto visitErrorData = [&](auto&& e) {
-        copyError(e, destArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        copyError(e, destArena, cloneState);
     };
 
     if constexpr (false)
@@ -844,18 +841,19 @@ void copyError(T& e, TypeArena& destArena, SeenTypes& seenTypes, SeenTypePacks&
         e.left = clone(e.left);
         e.right = clone(e.right);
     }
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, NormalizationTooComplex>)
+    {
+    }
     else
         static_assert(always_false_v<T>, "Non-exhaustive type switch");
 }
 
 void copyErrors(ErrorVec& errors, TypeArena& destArena)
 {
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     auto visitErrorData = [&](auto&& e) {
-        copyError(e, destArena, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        copyError(e, destArena, cloneState);
     };
 
     LUAU_ASSERT(!destArena.typeVars.isFrozen());

Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp

@@ -11,16 +11,18 @@
 #include "Luau/TimeTrace.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
 #include "Luau/Variant.h"
-#include "Luau/Common.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+LUAU_FASTINT(LuauTypeInferIterationLimit)
+LUAU_FASTINT(LuauTarjanChildLimit)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCyclicModuleTypeSurface)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauInferInNoCheckMode)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauKnowsTheDataModel3, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSeparateTypechecks, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits, false)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauAutocompleteCheckTimeoutMs, 0)
 
 namespace Luau
@@ -97,13 +99,11 @@ LoadDefinitionFileResult loadDefinitionFile(TypeChecker& typeChecker, ScopePtr t
     if (checkedModule->errors.size() > 0)
         return LoadDefinitionFileResult{false, parseResult, checkedModule};
 
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     for (const auto& [name, ty] : checkedModule->declaredGlobals)
     {
-        TypeId globalTy = clone(ty, typeChecker.globalTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypeId globalTy = clone(ty, typeChecker.globalTypes, cloneState);
         std::string documentationSymbol = packageName + "/global/" + name;
         generateDocumentationSymbols(globalTy, documentationSymbol);
         targetScope->bindings[typeChecker.globalNames.names->getOrAdd(name.c_str())] = {globalTy, Location(), false, {}, documentationSymbol};
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ LoadDefinitionFileResult loadDefinitionFile(TypeChecker& typeChecker, ScopePtr t
 
     for (const auto& [name, ty] : checkedModule->getModuleScope()->exportedTypeBindings)
     {
-        TypeFun globalTy = clone(ty, typeChecker.globalTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        TypeFun globalTy = clone(ty, typeChecker.globalTypes, cloneState);
         std::string documentationSymbol = packageName + "/globaltype/" + name;
         generateDocumentationSymbols(globalTy.type, documentationSymbol);
         targetScope->exportedTypeBindings[name] = globalTy;
@@ -440,13 +440,42 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<FrontendOption
             else
                 typeCheckerForAutocomplete.finishTime = std::nullopt;
 
+            if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
+            {
+                // TODO: This is a dirty ad hoc solution for autocomplete timeouts
+                // We are trying to dynamically adjust our existing limits to lower total typechecking time under the limit
+                // so that we'll have type information for the whole file at lower quality instead of a full abort in the middle
+                if (FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit > 0)
+                    typeCheckerForAutocomplete.instantiationChildLimit =
+                        std::max(1, int(FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit * sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult));
+                else
+                    typeCheckerForAutocomplete.instantiationChildLimit = std::nullopt;
+
+                if (FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit > 0)
+                    typeCheckerForAutocomplete.unifierIterationLimit =
+                        std::max(1, int(FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit * sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult));
+                else
+                    typeCheckerForAutocomplete.unifierIterationLimit = std::nullopt;
+            }
+
             ModulePtr moduleForAutocomplete = typeCheckerForAutocomplete.check(sourceModule, Mode::Strict);
             moduleResolverForAutocomplete.modules[moduleName] = moduleForAutocomplete;
 
+            double duration = getTimestamp() - timestamp;
+
             if (moduleForAutocomplete->timeout)
+            {
                 checkResult.timeoutHits.push_back(moduleName);
 
-            stats.timeCheck += getTimestamp() - timestamp;
+                if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
+                    sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult = sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult / 2.0;
+            }
+            else if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits && duration < autocompleteTimeLimit / 2.0)
+            {
+                sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult = std::min(sourceNode.autocompleteLimitsMult * 2.0, 1.0);
+            }
+
+            stats.timeCheck += duration;
             stats.filesStrict += 1;
 
             sourceNode.dirtyAutocomplete = false;

Analysis/src/IostreamHelpers.cpp

@@ -184,6 +184,8 @@ static void errorToString(std::ostream& stream, const T& err)
     }
     else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, TypesAreUnrelated>)
         stream << "TypesAreUnrelated { left = '" + toString(err.left) + "', right = '" + toString(err.right) + "' }";
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, NormalizationTooComplex>)
+        stream << "NormalizationTooComplex { }";
     else
         static_assert(always_false_v<T>, "Non-exhaustive type switch");
 }

Analysis/src/LValue.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+
 namespace Luau
 {
 
@@ -79,6 +81,8 @@ std::optional<LValue> tryGetLValue(const AstExpr& node)
 
 std::pair<Symbol, std::vector<std::string>> getFullName(const LValue& lvalue)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass);
+
     const LValue* current = &lvalue;
     std::vector<std::string> keys;
     while (auto field = get<Field>(*current))
@@ -92,6 +96,19 @@ std::pair<Symbol, std::vector<std::string>> getFullName(const LValue& lvalue)
     return {*symbol, std::vector<std::string>(keys.rbegin(), keys.rend())};
 }
 
+Symbol getBaseSymbol(const LValue& lvalue)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass);
+
+    const LValue* current = &lvalue;
+    while (auto field = get<Field>(*current))
+        current = baseof(*current);
+
+    const Symbol* symbol = get<Symbol>(*current);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(symbol);
+    return *symbol;
+}
+
 void merge(RefinementMap& l, const RefinementMap& r, std::function<TypeId(TypeId, TypeId)> f)
 {
     for (const auto& [k, a] : r)

Analysis/src/Linter.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauSuggestionDistance, 4)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauLintGlobalNeverReadBeforeWritten, false)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauLintNoRobloxBits, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -1140,25 +1139,8 @@ private:
         Kind_Primitive, // primitive type supported by VM - boolean/userdata/etc. No differentiation between types of userdata.
         Kind_Vector,    // 'vector' but only used when type is used
         Kind_Userdata,  // custom userdata type
-
-        // TODO: remove these with LuauLintNoRobloxBits
-        Kind_Class,     // custom userdata type that reflects Roblox Instance-derived hierarchy - Part/etc.
-        Kind_Enum,      // custom userdata type referring to an enum item of enum classes, e.g. Enum.NormalId.Back/Enum.Axis.X/etc.
     };
 
-    bool containsPropName(TypeId ty, const std::string& propName)
-    {
-        LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauLintNoRobloxBits);
-
-        if (auto ctv = get<ClassTypeVar>(ty))
-            return lookupClassProp(ctv, propName) != nullptr;
-
-        if (auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(ty))
-            return ttv->props.find(propName) != ttv->props.end();
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
     TypeKind getTypeKind(const std::string& name)
     {
         if (name == "nil" || name == "boolean" || name == "userdata" || name == "number" || name == "string" || name == "table" ||
@@ -1168,23 +1150,10 @@ private:
         if (name == "vector")
             return Kind_Vector;
 
-        if (FFlag::LuauLintNoRobloxBits)
+        if (std::optional<TypeFun> maybeTy = context->scope->lookupType(name))
-        {
+            return Kind_Userdata;
-            if (std::optional<TypeFun> maybeTy = context->scope->lookupType(name))
-                return Kind_Userdata;
 
-            return Kind_Unknown;
+        return Kind_Unknown;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            if (std::optional<TypeFun> maybeTy = context->scope->lookupType(name))
-                // Kind_Userdata is probably not 100% precise but is close enough
-                return containsPropName(maybeTy->type, "ClassName") ? Kind_Class : Kind_Userdata;
-            else if (std::optional<TypeFun> maybeTy = context->scope->lookupImportedType("Enum", name))
-                return Kind_Enum;
-
-            return Kind_Unknown;
-        }
     }
 
     void validateType(AstExprConstantString* expr, std::initializer_list<TypeKind> expected, const char* expectedString)
@@ -1202,67 +1171,11 @@ private:
         {
             if (kind == ek)
                 return;
-
-            // as a special case, Instance and EnumItem are both a userdata type (as returned by typeof) and a class type
-            if (!FFlag::LuauLintNoRobloxBits && ek == Kind_Userdata && (name == "Instance" || name == "EnumItem"))
-                return;
         }
 
         emitWarning(*context, LintWarning::Code_UnknownType, expr->location, "Unknown type '%s' (expected %s)", name.c_str(), expectedString);
     }
 
-    bool acceptsClassName(AstName method)
-    {
-        LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauLintNoRobloxBits);
-
-        return method.value[0] == 'F' && (method == "FindFirstChildOfClass" || method == "FindFirstChildWhichIsA" ||
-                                             method == "FindFirstAncestorOfClass" || method == "FindFirstAncestorWhichIsA");
-    }
-
-    bool visit(AstExprCall* node) override
-    {
-        // TODO: Simply remove the override
-        if (FFlag::LuauLintNoRobloxBits)
-            return true;
-
-        if (AstExprIndexName* index = node->func->as<AstExprIndexName>())
-        {
-            AstExprConstantString* arg0 = node->args.size > 0 ? node->args.data[0]->as<AstExprConstantString>() : NULL;
-
-            if (arg0)
-            {
-                if (node->self && index->index == "IsA" && node->args.size == 1)
-                {
-                    validateType(arg0, {Kind_Class, Kind_Enum}, "class or enum type");
-                }
-                else if (node->self && (index->index == "GetService" || index->index == "FindService") && node->args.size == 1)
-                {
-                    AstExprGlobal* g = index->expr->as<AstExprGlobal>();
-
-                    if (g && (g->name == "game" || g->name == "Game"))
-                    {
-                        validateType(arg0, {Kind_Class}, "class type");
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (node->self && acceptsClassName(index->index) && node->args.size == 1)
-                {
-                    validateType(arg0, {Kind_Class}, "class type");
-                }
-                else if (!node->self && index->index == "new" && node->args.size <= 2)
-                {
-                    AstExprGlobal* g = index->expr->as<AstExprGlobal>();
-
-                    if (g && g->name == "Instance")
-                    {
-                        validateType(arg0, {Kind_Class}, "class type");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return true;
-    }
-
     bool visit(AstExprBinary* node) override
     {
         if (node->op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe || node->op == AstExprBinary::CompareEq)

Analysis/src/Module.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #include "Luau/Module.h"
 
-#include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/Clone.h"
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
+#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
 #include "Luau/RecursionCounter.h"
 #include "Luau/Scope.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauFreezeArena, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCloneDeclaredGlobals, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -143,32 +145,51 @@ Module::~Module()
     unfreeze(internalTypes);
 }
 
-bool Module::clonePublicInterface()
+bool Module::clonePublicInterface(InternalErrorReporter& ice)
 {
     LUAU_ASSERT(interfaceTypes.typeVars.empty());
     LUAU_ASSERT(interfaceTypes.typePacks.empty());
 
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     ScopePtr moduleScope = getModuleScope();
 
-    moduleScope->returnType = clone(moduleScope->returnType, interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    moduleScope->returnType = clone(moduleScope->returnType, interfaceTypes, cloneState);
     if (moduleScope->varargPack)
-        moduleScope->varargPack = clone(*moduleScope->varargPack, interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        moduleScope->varargPack = clone(*moduleScope->varargPack, interfaceTypes, cloneState);
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+    {
+        normalize(moduleScope->returnType, interfaceTypes, ice);
+        if (moduleScope->varargPack)
+            normalize(*moduleScope->varargPack, interfaceTypes, ice);
+    }
 
     for (auto& [name, tf] : moduleScope->exportedTypeBindings)
-        tf = clone(tf, interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    {
+        tf = clone(tf, interfaceTypes, cloneState);
+        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+            normalize(tf.type, interfaceTypes, ice);
+    }
 
     for (TypeId ty : moduleScope->returnType)
+    {
         if (get<GenericTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
-            *asMutable(ty) = AnyTypeVar{};
+        {
+            auto t = asMutable(ty);
+            t->ty = AnyTypeVar{};
+            t->normal = true;
+        }
+    }
 
     if (FFlag::LuauCloneDeclaredGlobals)
     {
         for (auto& [name, ty] : declaredGlobals)
-            ty = clone(ty, interfaceTypes, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+        {
+            ty = clone(ty, interfaceTypes, cloneState);
+            if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+                normalize(ty, interfaceTypes, ice);
+        }
     }
 
     freeze(internalTypes);

Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,814 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+
+#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "Luau/Clone.h"
+#include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
+#include "Luau/Substitution.h"
+#include "Luau/Unifier.h"
+#include "Luau/VisitTypeVar.h"
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing, false)
+
+// This could theoretically be 2000 on amd64, but x86 requires this.
+LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauNormalizeIterationLimit, 1200);
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauNormalizeCombineTableFix, false);
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauNormalizeCombineIntersectionFix, false);
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+
+namespace
+{
+
+struct Replacer : Substitution
+{
+    TypeId sourceType;
+    TypeId replacedType;
+    DenseHashMap<TypeId, TypeId> replacedTypes{nullptr};
+    DenseHashMap<TypePackId, TypePackId> replacedPacks{nullptr};
+
+    Replacer(TypeArena* arena, TypeId sourceType, TypeId replacedType)
+        : Substitution(TxnLog::empty(), arena)
+        , sourceType(sourceType)
+        , replacedType(replacedType)
+    {
+    }
+
+    bool isDirty(TypeId ty) override
+    {
+        if (!sourceType)
+            return false;
+
+        auto vecHasSourceType = [sourceType = sourceType](const auto& vec) {
+            return end(vec) != std::find(begin(vec), end(vec), sourceType);
+        };
+
+        // Walk every kind of TypeVar and find pointers to sourceType
+        if (auto t = get<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<GenericTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<PrimitiveTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+            return vecHasSourceType(t->parts);
+        else if (auto t = get<SingletonTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            if (vecHasSourceType(t->generics))
+                return true;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (auto t = get<TableTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            if (t->boundTo)
+                return *t->boundTo == sourceType;
+
+            for (const auto& [_name, prop] : t->props)
+            {
+                if (prop.type == sourceType)
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            if (auto indexer = t->indexer)
+            {
+                if (indexer->indexType == sourceType || indexer->indexResultType == sourceType)
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            if (vecHasSourceType(t->instantiatedTypeParams))
+                return true;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (auto t = get<MetatableTypeVar>(ty))
+            return t->table == sourceType || t->metatable == sourceType;
+        else if (auto t = get<ClassTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<AnyTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+        else if (auto t = get<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
+            return vecHasSourceType(t->options);
+        else if (auto t = get<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
+            return vecHasSourceType(t->parts);
+        else if (auto t = get<LazyTypeVar>(ty))
+            return false;
+
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!"Luau::Replacer::isDirty internal error: Unknown TypeVar type");
+        LUAU_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+
+    bool isDirty(TypePackId tp) override
+    {
+        if (auto it = replacedPacks.find(tp))
+            return false;
+
+        if (auto pack = get<TypePack>(tp))
+        {
+            for (TypeId ty : pack->head)
+            {
+                if (ty == sourceType)
+                    return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+        else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(tp))
+            return vtp->ty == sourceType;
+        else
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    TypeId clean(TypeId ty) override
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(sourceType && replacedType);
+
+        // Walk every kind of TypeVar and create a copy with sourceType replaced by replacedType
+        // Before returning, memoize the result for later use.
+
+        // Helpfully, Substitution::clone() only shallow-clones the kinds of types that we care to work with.  This
+        // function returns the identity for things like primitives.
+        TypeId res = clone(ty);
+
+        if (auto t = get<FreeTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = get<GenericTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = get<ErrorTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = get<PrimitiveTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<ConstrainedTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            for (TypeId& part : t->parts)
+            {
+                if (part == sourceType)
+                    part = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto t = get<SingletonTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            // The constituent typepacks are cleaned separately.  We just need to walk the generics array.
+            for (TypeId& g : t->generics)
+            {
+                if (g == sourceType)
+                    g = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            for (auto& [_key, prop] : t->props)
+            {
+                if (prop.type == sourceType)
+                    prop.type = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            if (t->table == sourceType)
+                t->table = replacedType;
+            if (t->metatable == sourceType)
+                t->table = replacedType;
+        }
+        else if (auto t = get<ClassTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = get<AnyTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            for (TypeId& option : t->options)
+            {
+                if (option == sourceType)
+                    option = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto t = getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(res))
+        {
+            for (TypeId& part : t->parts)
+            {
+                if (part == sourceType)
+                    part = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto t = get<LazyTypeVar>(res))
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        else
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Luau::Replacer::clean internal error: Unknown TypeVar type");
+
+        replacedTypes[ty] = res;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    TypePackId clean(TypePackId tp) override
+    {
+        TypePackId res = clone(tp);
+
+        if (auto pack = getMutable<TypePack>(res))
+        {
+            for (TypeId& type : pack->head)
+            {
+                if (type == sourceType)
+                    type = replacedType;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (auto vtp = getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(res))
+        {
+            if (vtp->ty == sourceType)
+                vtp->ty = replacedType;
+        }
+
+        replacedPacks[tp] = res;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    TypeId smartClone(TypeId t)
+    {
+        std::optional<TypeId> res = replace(t);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(res.has_value()); // TODO think about this
+        if (*res == t)
+            return clone(t);
+        return *res;
+    }
+};
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+bool isSubtype(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    UnifierSharedState sharedState{&ice};
+    TypeArena arena;
+    Unifier u{&arena, Mode::Strict, Location{}, Covariant, sharedState};
+    u.anyIsTop = true;
+
+    u.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);
+    const bool ok = u.errors.empty() && u.log.empty();
+    return ok;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+static bool areNormal_(const T& t, const DenseHashSet<void*>& seen, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    int count = 0;
+    auto isNormal = [&](TypeId ty) {
+        ++count;
+        if (count >= FInt::LuauNormalizeIterationLimit)
+            ice.ice("Luau::areNormal hit iteration limit");
+
+        return ty->normal || seen.find(asMutable(ty));
+    };
+
+    return std::all_of(begin(t), end(t), isNormal);
+}
+
+static bool areNormal(const std::vector<TypeId>& types, const DenseHashSet<void*>& seen, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    return areNormal_(types, seen, ice);
+}
+
+static bool areNormal(TypePackId tp, const DenseHashSet<void*>& seen, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    tp = follow(tp);
+    if (get<FreeTypePack>(tp))
+        return false;
+
+    auto [head, tail] = flatten(tp);
+
+    if (!areNormal_(head, seen, ice))
+        return false;
+
+    if (!tail)
+        return true;
+
+    if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*tail))
+        return vtp->ty->normal || seen.find(asMutable(vtp->ty));
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+#define CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(...) \
+    do \
+    { \
+        if (iterationLimit > FInt::LuauNormalizeIterationLimit) \
+        { \
+            limitExceeded = true; \
+            return __VA_ARGS__; \
+        } \
+        ++iterationLimit; \
+    } while (false)
+
+struct Normalize
+{
+    TypeArena& arena;
+    InternalErrorReporter& ice;
+
+    // Debug data. Types being normalized are invalidated but trying to see what's going on is painful.
+    // To actually see the original type, read it by using the pointer of the type being normalized.
+    // e.g. in lldb, `e dump(originalTys[ty])`.
+    SeenTypes originalTys;
+    SeenTypePacks originalTps;
+
+    int iterationLimit = 0;
+    bool limitExceeded = false;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    bool operator()(TypePackId, const T&)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template<typename TID>
+    void cycle(TID)
+    {
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const FreeTypeVar&)
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!ty->normal);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const BoundTypeVar& btv)
+    {
+        // It should never be the case that this TypeVar is normal, but is bound to a non-normal type.
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!ty->normal || ty->normal == btv.boundTo->normal);
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = btv.boundTo->normal;
+        return !ty->normal;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const PrimitiveTypeVar&)
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty->normal);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const GenericTypeVar&)
+    {
+        if (!ty->normal)
+            asMutable(ty)->normal = true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const ErrorTypeVar&)
+    {
+        if (!ty->normal)
+            asMutable(ty)->normal = true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const ConstrainedTypeVar& ctvRef, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = const_cast<ConstrainedTypeVar*>(&ctvRef);
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> parts = std::move(ctv->parts);
+
+        // We might transmute, so it's not safe to rely on the builtin traversal logic of visitTypeVar
+        for (TypeId part : parts)
+            visit_detail::visit(part, *this, seen);
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> newParts = normalizeUnion(parts);
+
+        const bool normal = areNormal(newParts, seen, ice);
+
+        if (newParts.size() == 1)
+            *asMutable(ty) = BoundTypeVar{newParts[0]};
+        else
+            *asMutable(ty) = UnionTypeVar{std::move(newParts)};
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = normal;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const FunctionTypeVar& ftv) = delete;
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const FunctionTypeVar& ftv, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        if (ty->normal)
+            return false;
+
+        visit_detail::visit(ftv.argTypes, *this, seen);
+        visit_detail::visit(ftv.retType, *this, seen);
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = areNormal(ftv.argTypes, seen, ice) && areNormal(ftv.retType, seen, ice);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const TableTypeVar& ttv, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        if (ty->normal)
+            return false;
+
+        bool normal = true;
+
+        auto checkNormal = [&](TypeId t) {
+            // if t is on the stack, it is possible that this type is normal.
+            // If t is not normal and it is not on the stack, this type is definitely not normal.
+            if (!t->normal && !seen.find(asMutable(t)))
+                normal = false;
+        };
+
+        if (ttv.boundTo)
+        {
+            visit_detail::visit(*ttv.boundTo, *this, seen);
+            asMutable(ty)->normal = (*ttv.boundTo)->normal;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (const auto& [_name, prop] : ttv.props)
+        {
+            visit_detail::visit(prop.type, *this, seen);
+            checkNormal(prop.type);
+        }
+
+        if (ttv.indexer)
+        {
+            visit_detail::visit(ttv.indexer->indexType, *this, seen);
+            checkNormal(ttv.indexer->indexType);
+            visit_detail::visit(ttv.indexer->indexResultType, *this, seen);
+            checkNormal(ttv.indexer->indexResultType);
+        }
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = normal;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const MetatableTypeVar& mtv, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        if (ty->normal)
+            return false;
+
+        visit_detail::visit(mtv.table, *this, seen);
+        visit_detail::visit(mtv.metatable, *this, seen);
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = mtv.table->normal && mtv.metatable->normal;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const ClassTypeVar& ctv)
+    {
+        if (!ty->normal)
+            asMutable(ty)->normal = true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const AnyTypeVar&)
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty->normal);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const UnionTypeVar& utvRef, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        if (ty->normal)
+            return false;
+
+        UnionTypeVar* utv = &const_cast<UnionTypeVar&>(utvRef);
+        std::vector<TypeId> options = std::move(utv->options);
+
+        // We might transmute, so it's not safe to rely on the builtin traversal logic of visitTypeVar
+        for (TypeId option : options)
+            visit_detail::visit(option, *this, seen);
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> newOptions = normalizeUnion(options);
+
+        const bool normal = areNormal(newOptions, seen, ice);
+
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!newOptions.empty());
+
+        if (newOptions.size() == 1)
+            *asMutable(ty) = BoundTypeVar{newOptions[0]};
+        else
+            utv->options = std::move(newOptions);
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = normal;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const IntersectionTypeVar& itvRef, DenseHashSet<void*>& seen)
+    {
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT(false);
+
+        if (ty->normal)
+            return false;
+
+        IntersectionTypeVar* itv = &const_cast<IntersectionTypeVar&>(itvRef);
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> oldParts = std::move(itv->parts);
+
+        for (TypeId part : oldParts)
+            visit_detail::visit(part, *this, seen);
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> tables;
+        for (TypeId part : oldParts)
+        {
+            part = follow(part);
+            if (get<TableTypeVar>(part))
+                tables.push_back(part);
+            else
+            {
+                Replacer replacer{&arena, nullptr, nullptr}; // FIXME this is super super WEIRD
+                combineIntoIntersection(replacer, itv, part);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Don't allocate a new table if there's just one in the intersection.
+        if (tables.size() == 1)
+            itv->parts.push_back(tables[0]);
+        else if (!tables.empty())
+        {
+            const TableTypeVar* first = get<TableTypeVar>(tables[0]);
+            LUAU_ASSERT(first);
+
+            TypeId newTable = arena.addType(TableTypeVar{first->state, first->level});
+            TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(newTable);
+            for (TypeId part : tables)
+            {
+                // Intuition: If combineIntoTable() needs to clone a table, any references to 'part' are cyclic and need
+                // to be rewritten to point at 'newTable' in the clone.
+                Replacer replacer{&arena, part, newTable};
+                combineIntoTable(replacer, ttv, part);
+            }
+
+            itv->parts.push_back(newTable);
+        }
+
+        asMutable(ty)->normal = areNormal(itv->parts, seen, ice);
+
+        if (itv->parts.size() == 1)
+        {
+            TypeId part = itv->parts[0];
+            *asMutable(ty) = BoundTypeVar{part};
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const LazyTypeVar&)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> normalizeUnion(const std::vector<TypeId>& options)
+    {
+        if (options.size() == 1)
+            return options;
+
+        std::vector<TypeId> result;
+
+        for (TypeId part : options)
+            combineIntoUnion(result, part);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    void combineIntoUnion(std::vector<TypeId>& result, TypeId ty)
+    {
+        ty = follow(ty);
+        if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            for (TypeId t : utv)
+                combineIntoUnion(result, t);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (TypeId& part : result)
+        {
+            if (isSubtype(ty, part, ice))
+                return; // no need to do anything
+            else if (isSubtype(part, ty, ice))
+            {
+                part = ty; // replace the less general type by the more general one
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.push_back(ty);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param replacer knows how to clone a type such that any recursive references point at the new containing type.
+     * @param result is an intersection that is safe for us to mutate in-place.
+     */
+    void combineIntoIntersection(Replacer& replacer, IntersectionTypeVar* result, TypeId ty)
+    {
+        // Note: this check guards against running out of stack space
+        // so if you increase the size of a stack frame, you'll need to decrease the limit.
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT();
+
+        ty = follow(ty);
+        if (auto itv = get<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            for (TypeId part : itv->parts)
+                combineIntoIntersection(replacer, result, part);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Let's say that the last part of our result intersection is always a table, if any table is part of this intersection
+        if (get<TableTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            if (result->parts.empty())
+                result->parts.push_back(arena.addType(TableTypeVar{TableState::Sealed, TypeLevel{}}));
+
+            TypeId theTable = result->parts.back();
+
+            if (!get<TableTypeVar>(FFlag::LuauNormalizeCombineIntersectionFix ? follow(theTable) : theTable))
+            {
+                result->parts.push_back(arena.addType(TableTypeVar{TableState::Sealed, TypeLevel{}}));
+                theTable = result->parts.back();
+            }
+
+            TypeId newTable = replacer.smartClone(theTable);
+            result->parts.back() = newTable;
+
+            combineIntoTable(replacer, getMutable<TableTypeVar>(newTable), ty);
+        }
+        else if (auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+        {
+            bool merged = false;
+            for (TypeId& part : result->parts)
+            {
+                if (isSubtype(part, ty, ice))
+                {
+                    merged = true;
+                    break; // no need to do anything
+                }
+                else if (isSubtype(ty, part, ice))
+                {
+                    merged = true;
+                    part = ty; // replace the less general type by the more general one
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!merged)
+                result->parts.push_back(ty);
+        }
+        else
+            result->parts.push_back(ty);
+    }
+
+    TableState combineTableStates(TableState lhs, TableState rhs)
+    {
+        if (lhs == rhs)
+            return lhs;
+
+        if (lhs == TableState::Free || rhs == TableState::Free)
+            return TableState::Free;
+
+        if (lhs == TableState::Unsealed || rhs == TableState::Unsealed)
+            return TableState::Unsealed;
+
+        return lhs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param replacer gives us a way to clone a type such that recursive references are rewritten to the new
+     * "containing" type.
+     * @param table always points into a table that is safe for us to mutate.
+     */
+    void combineIntoTable(Replacer& replacer, TableTypeVar* table, TypeId ty)
+    {
+        // Note: this check guards against running out of stack space
+        // so if you increase the size of a stack frame, you'll need to decrease the limit.
+        CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT();
+
+        LUAU_ASSERT(table);
+
+        ty = follow(ty);
+
+        TableTypeVar* tyTable = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tyTable);
+
+        for (const auto& [propName, prop] : tyTable->props)
+        {
+            if (auto it = table->props.find(propName); it != table->props.end())
+            {
+                /**
+                 * If we are going to recursively merge intersections of tables, we need to ensure that we never mutate
+                 * a table that comes from somewhere else in the type graph.
+                 *
+                 * smarClone() does some nice things for us: It will perform a clone that is as shallow as possible
+                 * while still rewriting any cyclic references back to the new 'root' table.
+                 *
+                 * replacer also keeps a mapping of types that have previously been copied, so we have the added
+                 * advantage here of knowing that, whether or not a new copy was actually made, the resulting TypeVar is
+                 * safe for us to mutate in-place.
+                 */
+                TypeId clone = replacer.smartClone(it->second.type);
+                it->second.type = combine(replacer, clone, prop.type);
+            }
+            else
+                table->props.insert({propName, prop});
+        }
+
+        table->state = combineTableStates(table->state, tyTable->state);
+        table->level = max(table->level, tyTable->level);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param a is always cloned by the caller.  It is safe to mutate in-place.
+     * @param b will never be mutated.
+     */
+    TypeId combine(Replacer& replacer, TypeId a, TypeId b)
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauNormalizeCombineTableFix && a == b)
+            return a;
+
+        if (!get<IntersectionTypeVar>(a) && !get<TableTypeVar>(a))
+        {
+            if (!FFlag::LuauNormalizeCombineTableFix && a == b)
+                return a;
+            else
+                return arena.addType(IntersectionTypeVar{{a, b}});
+        }
+
+        if (auto itv = getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(a))
+        {
+            combineIntoIntersection(replacer, itv, b);
+            return a;
+        }
+        else if (auto ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(a))
+        {
+            if (FFlag::LuauNormalizeCombineTableFix && !get<TableTypeVar>(follow(b)))
+                return arena.addType(IntersectionTypeVar{{a, b}});
+            combineIntoTable(replacer, ttv, b);
+            return a;
+        }
+
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!"Impossible");
+        LUAU_UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+};
+
+#undef CHECK_ITERATION_LIMIT
+
+/**
+ * @returns A tuple of TypeId and a success indicator. (true indicates that the normalization completed successfully)
+ */
+std::pair<TypeId, bool> normalize(TypeId ty, TypeArena& arena, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    CloneState state;
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing)
+        (void)clone(ty, arena, state);
+
+    Normalize n{arena, ice, std::move(state.seenTypes), std::move(state.seenTypePacks)};
+    DenseHashSet<void*> seen{nullptr};
+    visitTypeVarOnce(ty, n, seen);
+
+    return {ty, !n.limitExceeded};
+}
+
+// TODO: Think about using a temporary arena and cloning types out of it so that we
+// reclaim memory used by wantonly allocated intermediate types here.
+// The main wrinkle here is that we don't want clone() to copy a type if the source and dest
+// arena are the same.
+std::pair<TypeId, bool> normalize(TypeId ty, const ModulePtr& module, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    return normalize(ty, module->internalTypes, ice);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @returns A tuple of TypeId and a success indicator. (true indicates that the normalization completed successfully)
+ */
+std::pair<TypePackId, bool> normalize(TypePackId tp, TypeArena& arena, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    CloneState state;
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCopyBeforeNormalizing)
+        (void)clone(tp, arena, state);
+
+    Normalize n{arena, ice, std::move(state.seenTypes), std::move(state.seenTypePacks)};
+    DenseHashSet<void*> seen{nullptr};
+    visitTypeVarOnce(tp, n, seen);
+
+    return {tp, !n.limitExceeded};
+}
+
+std::pair<TypePackId, bool> normalize(TypePackId tp, const ModulePtr& module, InternalErrorReporter& ice)
+{
+    return normalize(tp, module->internalTypes, ice);
+}
+
+} // namespace Luau

Analysis/src/Quantify.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include "Luau/VisitTypeVar.h"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+
 namespace Luau
 {
 
@@ -12,6 +14,8 @@ struct Quantifier
     TypeLevel level;
     std::vector<TypeId> generics;
     std::vector<TypePackId> genericPacks;
+    bool seenGenericType = false;
+    bool seenMutableType = false;
 
     Quantifier(TypeLevel level)
         : level(level)
@@ -23,6 +27,9 @@ struct Quantifier
 
     bool operator()(TypeId ty, const FreeTypeVar& ftv)
     {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+            seenMutableType = true;
+
         if (!level.subsumes(ftv.level))
             return false;
 
@@ -44,17 +51,40 @@ struct Quantifier
         return true;
     }
 
+    bool operator()(TypeId ty, const ConstrainedTypeVar&)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     bool operator()(TypeId ty, const TableTypeVar&)
     {
         TableTypeVar& ttv = *getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty);
 
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        {
+            if (ttv.state == TableState::Generic)
+                seenGenericType = true;
+
+            if (ttv.state == TableState::Free)
+                seenMutableType = true;
+        }
+
         if (ttv.state == TableState::Sealed || ttv.state == TableState::Generic)
             return false;
         if (!level.subsumes(ttv.level))
+        {
+            if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass && ttv.state == TableState::Unsealed)
+                seenMutableType = true;
             return false;
+        }
 
         if (ttv.state == TableState::Free)
+        {
             ttv.state = TableState::Generic;
+
+            if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+                seenGenericType = true;
+        }
         else if (ttv.state == TableState::Unsealed)
             ttv.state = TableState::Sealed;
 
@@ -65,6 +95,9 @@ struct Quantifier
 
     bool operator()(TypePackId tp, const FreeTypePack& ftp)
     {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+            seenMutableType = true;
+
         if (!level.subsumes(ftp.level))
             return false;
 
@@ -84,6 +117,9 @@ void quantify(TypeId ty, TypeLevel level)
     LUAU_ASSERT(ftv);
     ftv->generics = q.generics;
     ftv->genericPacks = q.genericPacks;
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass && ftv->generics.empty() && ftv->genericPacks.empty() && !q.seenMutableType && !q.seenGenericType)
+        ftv->hasNoGenerics = true;
 }
 
 } // namespace Luau

Analysis/src/Substitution.cpp

@@ -7,24 +7,36 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTarjanChildLimit, 1000)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
 
 void Tarjan::visitChildren(TypeId ty, int index)
 {
-    ty = log->follow(ty);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty == log->follow(ty));
+    else
+        ty = log->follow(ty);
 
     if (ignoreChildren(ty))
         return;
 
-    if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        if (auto pty = log->pending(ty))
+            ty = &pty->pending;
+    }
+
+    if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         visitChild(ftv->argTypes);
         visitChild(ftv->retType);
     }
-    else if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<TableTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         LUAU_ASSERT(!ttv->boundTo);
         for (const auto& [name, prop] : ttv->props)
@@ -41,38 +53,52 @@ void Tarjan::visitChildren(TypeId ty, int index)
         for (TypePackId itp : ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams)
             visitChild(itp);
     }
-    else if (const MetatableTypeVar* mtv = log->getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const MetatableTypeVar* mtv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<MetatableTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         visitChild(mtv->table);
         visitChild(mtv->metatable);
     }
-    else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = log->getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<UnionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         for (TypeId opt : utv->options)
             visitChild(opt);
     }
-    else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = log->getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         for (TypeId part : itv->parts)
             visitChild(part);
     }
+    else if (const ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        for (TypeId part : ctv->parts)
+            visitChild(part);
+    }
 }
 
 void Tarjan::visitChildren(TypePackId tp, int index)
 {
-    tp = log->follow(tp);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tp == log->follow(tp));
+    else
+        tp = log->follow(tp);
 
     if (ignoreChildren(tp))
         return;
 
-    if (const TypePack* tpp = log->getMutable<TypePack>(tp))
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        if (auto ptp = log->pending(tp))
+            tp = &ptp->pending;
+    }
+
+    if (const TypePack* tpp = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<TypePack>(tp) : log->getMutable<TypePack>(tp))
     {
         for (TypeId tv : tpp->head)
             visitChild(tv);
         if (tpp->tail)
             visitChild(*tpp->tail);
     }
-    else if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = log->getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tp))
+    else if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<VariadicTypePack>(tp) : log->getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tp))
     {
         visitChild(vtp->ty);
     }
@@ -80,7 +106,10 @@ void Tarjan::visitChildren(TypePackId tp, int index)
 
 std::pair<int, bool> Tarjan::indexify(TypeId ty)
 {
-    ty = log->follow(ty);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty == log->follow(ty));
+    else
+        ty = log->follow(ty);
 
     bool fresh = !typeToIndex.contains(ty);
     int& index = typeToIndex[ty];
@@ -98,7 +127,10 @@ std::pair<int, bool> Tarjan::indexify(TypeId ty)
 
 std::pair<int, bool> Tarjan::indexify(TypePackId tp)
 {
-    tp = log->follow(tp);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tp == log->follow(tp));
+    else
+        tp = log->follow(tp);
 
     bool fresh = !packToIndex.contains(tp);
     int& index = packToIndex[tp];
@@ -141,7 +173,7 @@ TarjanResult Tarjan::loop()
         if (currEdge == -1)
         {
             ++childCount;
-            if (FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit > 0 && FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit < childCount)
+            if (childLimit > 0 && childLimit < childCount)
                 return TarjanResult::TooManyChildren;
 
             stack.push_back(index);
@@ -229,6 +261,9 @@ TarjanResult Tarjan::loop()
 TarjanResult Tarjan::visitRoot(TypeId ty)
 {
     childCount = 0;
+    if (childLimit == 0)
+        childLimit = FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit;
+
     ty = log->follow(ty);
 
     auto [index, fresh] = indexify(ty);
@@ -239,6 +274,9 @@ TarjanResult Tarjan::visitRoot(TypeId ty)
 TarjanResult Tarjan::visitRoot(TypePackId tp)
 {
     childCount = 0;
+    if (childLimit == 0)
+        childLimit = FInt::LuauTarjanChildLimit;
+
     tp = log->follow(tp);
 
     auto [index, fresh] = indexify(tp);
@@ -347,7 +385,13 @@ TypeId Substitution::clone(TypeId ty)
 
     TypeId result = ty;
 
-    if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        if (auto pty = log->pending(ty))
+            ty = &pty->pending;
+    }
+
+    if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         FunctionTypeVar clone = FunctionTypeVar{ftv->level, ftv->argTypes, ftv->retType, ftv->definition, ftv->hasSelf};
         clone.generics = ftv->generics;
@@ -357,7 +401,7 @@ TypeId Substitution::clone(TypeId ty)
         clone.argNames = ftv->argNames;
         result = addType(std::move(clone));
     }
-    else if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<TableTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         LUAU_ASSERT(!ttv->boundTo);
         TableTypeVar clone = TableTypeVar{ttv->props, ttv->indexer, ttv->level, ttv->state};
@@ -370,24 +414,29 @@ TypeId Substitution::clone(TypeId ty)
         clone.tags = ttv->tags;
         result = addType(std::move(clone));
     }
-    else if (const MetatableTypeVar* mtv = log->getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const MetatableTypeVar* mtv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<MetatableTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         MetatableTypeVar clone = MetatableTypeVar{mtv->table, mtv->metatable};
         clone.syntheticName = mtv->syntheticName;
         result = addType(std::move(clone));
     }
-    else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = log->getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<UnionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         UnionTypeVar clone;
         clone.options = utv->options;
         result = addType(std::move(clone));
     }
-    else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = log->getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
+    else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty) : log->getMutable<IntersectionTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         IntersectionTypeVar clone;
         clone.parts = itv->parts;
         result = addType(std::move(clone));
     }
+    else if (const ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        ConstrainedTypeVar clone{ctv->level, ctv->parts};
+        result = addType(std::move(clone));
+    }
 
     asMutable(result)->documentationSymbol = ty->documentationSymbol;
     return result;
@@ -396,14 +445,21 @@ TypeId Substitution::clone(TypeId ty)
 TypePackId Substitution::clone(TypePackId tp)
 {
     tp = log->follow(tp);
-    if (const TypePack* tpp = log->getMutable<TypePack>(tp))
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        if (auto ptp = log->pending(tp))
+            tp = &ptp->pending;
+    }
+
+    if (const TypePack* tpp = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<TypePack>(tp) : log->getMutable<TypePack>(tp))
     {
         TypePack clone;
         clone.head = tpp->head;
         clone.tail = tpp->tail;
         return addTypePack(std::move(clone));
     }
-    else if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = log->getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tp))
+    else if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass ? get<VariadicTypePack>(tp) : log->getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tp))
     {
         VariadicTypePack clone;
         clone.ty = vtp->ty;
@@ -415,25 +471,34 @@ TypePackId Substitution::clone(TypePackId tp)
 
 void Substitution::foundDirty(TypeId ty)
 {
-    ty = log->follow(ty);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
-    if (isDirty(ty))
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty == log->follow(ty));
-        newTypes[ty] = clean(ty);
     else
-        newTypes[ty] = clone(ty);
+        ty = log->follow(ty);
+
+    if (isDirty(ty))
+        newTypes[ty] = FFlag::LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes ? follow(clean(ty)) : clean(ty);
+    else
+        newTypes[ty] = FFlag::LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes ? follow(clone(ty)) : clone(ty);
 }
 
 void Substitution::foundDirty(TypePackId tp)
 {
-    tp = log->follow(tp);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
-    if (isDirty(tp))
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tp == log->follow(tp));
-        newPacks[tp] = clean(tp);
     else
-        newPacks[tp] = clone(tp);
+        tp = log->follow(tp);
+
+    if (isDirty(tp))
+        newPacks[tp] = FFlag::LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes ? follow(clean(tp)) : clean(tp);
+    else
+        newPacks[tp] = FFlag::LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes ? follow(clone(tp)) : clone(tp);
 }
 
 TypeId Substitution::replace(TypeId ty)
 {
     ty = log->follow(ty);
+
     if (TypeId* prevTy = newTypes.find(ty))
         return *prevTy;
     else
@@ -443,6 +508,7 @@ TypeId Substitution::replace(TypeId ty)
 TypePackId Substitution::replace(TypePackId tp)
 {
     tp = log->follow(tp);
+
     if (TypePackId* prevTp = newPacks.find(tp))
         return *prevTp;
     else
@@ -451,7 +517,13 @@ TypePackId Substitution::replace(TypePackId tp)
 
 void Substitution::replaceChildren(TypeId ty)
 {
-    ty = log->follow(ty);
+    if (BoundTypeVar* btv = log->getMutable<BoundTypeVar>(ty); FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && btv)
+        btv->boundTo = replace(btv->boundTo);
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(ty == log->follow(ty));
+    else
+        ty = log->follow(ty);
 
     if (ignoreChildren(ty))
         return;
@@ -493,11 +565,19 @@ void Substitution::replaceChildren(TypeId ty)
         for (TypeId& part : itv->parts)
             part = replace(part);
     }
+    else if (ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = getMutable<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        for (TypeId& part : ctv->parts)
+            part = replace(part);
+    }
 }
 
 void Substitution::replaceChildren(TypePackId tp)
 {
-    tp = log->follow(tp);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tp == log->follow(tp));
+    else
+        tp = log->follow(tp);
 
     if (ignoreChildren(tp))
         return;

Analysis/src/ToDot.cpp

@@ -237,6 +237,15 @@ void StateDot::visitChildren(TypeId ty, int index)
         finishNodeLabel(ty);
         finishNode();
     }
+    else if (const ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        formatAppend(result, "ConstrainedTypeVar %d", index);
+        finishNodeLabel(ty);
+        finishNode();
+
+        for (TypeId part : ctv->parts)
+            visitChild(part, index);
+    }
     else if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty))
     {
         formatAppend(result, "ErrorTypeVar %d", index);
@@ -258,6 +267,28 @@ void StateDot::visitChildren(TypeId ty, int index)
         if (ctv->metatable)
             visitChild(*ctv->metatable, index, "[metatable]");
     }
+    else if (const SingletonTypeVar* stv = get<SingletonTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        std::string res;
+
+        if (const StringSingleton* ss = get<StringSingleton>(stv))
+        {
+            // Don't put in quotes anywhere. If it's outside of the call to escape,
+            // then it's invalid syntax. If it's inside, then escaping is super noisy.
+            res = "string: " + escape(ss->value);
+        }
+        else if (const BooleanSingleton* bs = get<BooleanSingleton>(stv))
+        {
+            res = "boolean: ";
+            res += bs->value ? "true" : "false";
+        }
+        else
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"unknown singleton type");
+
+        formatAppend(result, "SingletonTypeVar %s", res.c_str());
+        finishNodeLabel(ty);
+        finishNode();
+    }
     else
     {
         LUAU_ASSERT(!"unknown type kind");

Analysis/src/ToString.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+
 /*
  * Prefix generic typenames with gen-
  * Additionally, free types will be prefixed with free- and suffixed with their level.  eg free-a-4
@@ -33,8 +35,8 @@ struct FindCyclicTypes
     bool exhaustive = false;
     std::unordered_set<TypeId> visited;
     std::unordered_set<TypePackId> visitedPacks;
-    std::unordered_set<TypeId> cycles;
+    std::set<TypeId> cycles;
-    std::unordered_set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
+    std::set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
 
     void cycle(TypeId ty)
     {
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ struct FindCyclicTypes
 };
 
 template<typename TID>
-void findCyclicTypes(std::unordered_set<TypeId>& cycles, std::unordered_set<TypePackId>& cycleTPs, TID ty, bool exhaustive)
+void findCyclicTypes(std::set<TypeId>& cycles, std::set<TypePackId>& cycleTPs, TID ty, bool exhaustive)
 {
     FindCyclicTypes fct;
     fct.exhaustive = exhaustive;
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ struct StringifierState
     std::unordered_map<TypePackId, std::string> cycleTpNames;
     std::unordered_set<void*> seen;
     std::unordered_set<std::string> usedNames;
+    size_t indentation = 0;
 
     bool exhaustive;
 
@@ -216,6 +219,34 @@ struct StringifierState
 
         result.name += s;
     }
+
+    void indent()
+    {
+        indentation += 4;
+    }
+
+    void dedent()
+    {
+        indentation -= 4;
+    }
+
+    void newline()
+    {
+        if (!opts.useLineBreaks)
+            return emit(" ");
+
+        emit("\n");
+        emitIndentation();
+    }
+
+private:
+    void emitIndentation()
+    {
+        if (!opts.indent)
+            return;
+
+        emit(std::string(indentation, ' '));
+    }
 };
 
 struct TypeVarStringifier
@@ -321,7 +352,7 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
         stringify(btv.boundTo);
     }
 
-    void operator()(TypeId ty, const Unifiable::Generic& gtv)
+    void operator()(TypeId ty, const GenericTypeVar& gtv)
     {
         if (gtv.explicitName)
         {
@@ -332,6 +363,26 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
             state.emit(state.getName(ty));
     }
 
+    void operator()(TypeId, const ConstrainedTypeVar& ctv)
+    {
+        state.result.invalid = true;
+
+        state.emit("[[");
+
+        bool first = true;
+        for (TypeId ty : ctv.parts)
+        {
+            if (first)
+                first = false;
+            else
+                state.emit("|");
+
+            stringify(ty);
+        }
+
+        state.emit("]]");
+    }
+
     void operator()(TypeId, const PrimitiveTypeVar& ptv)
     {
         switch (ptv.type)
@@ -415,10 +466,25 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
         state.emit(") -> ");
 
         bool plural = true;
-        if (auto retPack = get<TypePack>(follow(ftv.retType)))
+
+        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
         {
-            if (retPack->head.size() == 1 && !retPack->tail)
+            auto retBegin = begin(ftv.retType);
-                plural = false;
+            auto retEnd = end(ftv.retType);
+            if (retBegin != retEnd)
+            {
+                ++retBegin;
+                if (retBegin == retEnd && !retBegin.tail())
+                    plural = false;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (auto retPack = get<TypePack>(follow(ftv.retType)))
+            {
+                if (retPack->head.size() == 1 && !retPack->tail)
+                    plural = false;
+            }
         }
 
         if (plural)
@@ -511,6 +577,7 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
         }
 
         state.emit(openbrace);
+        state.indent();
 
         bool comma = false;
         if (ttv.indexer)
@@ -527,7 +594,10 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
         for (const auto& [name, prop] : ttv.props)
         {
             if (comma)
-                state.emit(state.opts.useLineBreaks ? ",\n" : ", ");
+            {
+                state.emit(",");
+                state.newline();
+            }
 
             size_t length = state.result.name.length() - oldLength;
 
@@ -553,6 +623,7 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
             ++index;
         }
 
+        state.dedent();
         state.emit(closedbrace);
 
         state.unsee(&ttv);
@@ -563,7 +634,8 @@ struct TypeVarStringifier
         state.result.invalid = true;
         state.emit("{ @metatable ");
         stringify(mtv.metatable);
-        state.emit(state.opts.useLineBreaks ? ",\n" : ", ");
+        state.emit(",");
+        state.newline();
         stringify(mtv.table);
         state.emit(" }");
     }
@@ -784,13 +856,16 @@ struct TypePackStringifier
 
         if (tp.tail && !isEmpty(*tp.tail))
         {
-            const auto& tail = *tp.tail;
+            TypePackId tail = follow(*tp.tail);
-            if (first)
+            if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(tail); !vtp || (!FFlag::DebugLuauVerboseTypeNames && !vtp->hidden))
-                first = false;
+            {
-            else
+                if (first)
-                state.emit(", ");
+                    first = false;
+                else
+                    state.emit(", ");
 
-            stringify(tail);
+                stringify(tail);
+            }
         }
 
         state.unsee(&tp);
@@ -805,6 +880,8 @@ struct TypePackStringifier
     void operator()(TypePackId, const VariadicTypePack& pack)
     {
         state.emit("...");
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauVerboseTypeNames && pack.hidden)
+            state.emit("<hidden>");
         stringify(pack.ty);
     }
 
@@ -858,15 +935,12 @@ void TypeVarStringifier::stringify(TypePackId tpid, const std::vector<std::optio
     tps.stringify(tpid);
 }
 
-static void assignCycleNames(const std::unordered_set<TypeId>& cycles, const std::unordered_set<TypePackId>& cycleTPs,
+static void assignCycleNames(const std::set<TypeId>& cycles, const std::set<TypePackId>& cycleTPs,
     std::unordered_map<TypeId, std::string>& cycleNames, std::unordered_map<TypePackId, std::string>& cycleTpNames, bool exhaustive)
 {
     int nextIndex = 1;
 
-    std::vector<TypeId> sortedCycles{cycles.begin(), cycles.end()};
+    for (TypeId cycleTy : cycles)
-    std::sort(sortedCycles.begin(), sortedCycles.end(), std::less<TypeId>{});
-
-    for (TypeId cycleTy : sortedCycles)
     {
         std::string name;
 
@@ -888,10 +962,7 @@ static void assignCycleNames(const std::unordered_set<TypeId>& cycles, const std
         cycleNames[cycleTy] = std::move(name);
     }
 
-    std::vector<TypePackId> sortedCycleTps{cycleTPs.begin(), cycleTPs.end()};
+    for (TypePackId tp : cycleTPs)
-    std::sort(sortedCycleTps.begin(), sortedCycleTps.end(), std::less<TypePackId>());
-
-    for (TypePackId tp : sortedCycleTps)
     {
         std::string name = "tp" + std::to_string(nextIndex);
         ++nextIndex;
@@ -913,8 +984,8 @@ ToStringResult toStringDetailed(TypeId ty, const ToStringOptions& opts)
 
     StringifierState state{opts, result, opts.nameMap};
 
-    std::unordered_set<TypeId> cycles;
+    std::set<TypeId> cycles;
-    std::unordered_set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
+    std::set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
 
     findCyclicTypes(cycles, cycleTPs, ty, opts.exhaustive);
 
@@ -1016,8 +1087,8 @@ ToStringResult toStringDetailed(TypePackId tp, const ToStringOptions& opts)
     ToStringResult result;
     StringifierState state{opts, result, opts.nameMap};
 
-    std::unordered_set<TypeId> cycles;
+    std::set<TypeId> cycles;
-    std::unordered_set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
+    std::set<TypePackId> cycleTPs;
 
     findCyclicTypes(cycles, cycleTPs, tp, opts.exhaustive);
 
@@ -1058,7 +1129,7 @@ ToStringResult toStringDetailed(TypePackId tp, const ToStringOptions& opts)
         state.emit(name);
         state.emit(" = ");
         Luau::visit(
-            [&tvs, cycleTy = cycleTy](auto&& t) {
+            [&tvs, cycleTy = cycleTy](auto t) {
                 return tvs(cycleTy, t);
             },
             cycleTy->ty);
@@ -1163,14 +1234,18 @@ std::string toStringNamedFunction(const std::string& funcName, const FunctionTyp
 
     if (argPackIter.tail())
     {
-        if (!first)
+        if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*argPackIter.tail()); !vtp || !vtp->hidden)
-            state.emit(", ");
+        {
+            if (!first)
+                state.emit(", ");
 
-        state.emit("...: ");
+            state.emit("...: ");
-        if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*argPackIter.tail()))
+
-            tvs.stringify(vtp->ty);
+            if (vtp)
-        else
+                tvs.stringify(vtp->ty);
-            tvs.stringify(*argPackIter.tail());
+            else
+                tvs.stringify(*argPackIter.tail());
+        }
     }
 
     state.emit("): ");
@@ -1210,6 +1285,24 @@ std::string dump(TypePackId ty)
     return s;
 }
 
+std::string dump(const ScopePtr& scope, const char* name)
+{
+    auto binding = scope->linearSearchForBinding(name);
+    if (!binding)
+    {
+        printf("No binding %s\n", name);
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    TypeId ty = binding->typeId;
+    ToStringOptions opts;
+    opts.exhaustive = true;
+    opts.functionTypeArguments = true;
+    std::string s = toString(ty, opts);
+    printf("%s\n", s.c_str());
+    return s;
+}
+
 std::string generateName(size_t i)
 {
     std::string n;

Analysis/src/TopoSortStatements.cpp

@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ struct ArcCollector : public AstVisitor
         }
     }
 
+    // Adds a dependency from the current node to the named node.
     void add(const Identifier& name)
     {
         Node** it = map.find(name);

Analysis/src/TxnLog.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTxnLogPreserveOwner, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauJustOneCallFrameForHaveSeen, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -161,18 +162,37 @@ void TxnLog::popSeen(TypePackId lhs, TypePackId rhs)
 
 bool TxnLog::haveSeen(TypeOrPackId lhs, TypeOrPackId rhs) const
 {
-    const std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
+    if (FFlag::LuauJustOneCallFrameForHaveSeen && !FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
-    if (sharedSeen->end() != std::find(sharedSeen->begin(), sharedSeen->end(), sortedPair))
     {
-        return true;
+        // This function will technically work if `this` is nullptr, but this
-    }
+        // indicates a bug, so we explicitly assert.
+        LUAU_ASSERT(static_cast<const void*>(this) != nullptr);
 
-    if (parent)
+        const std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
+
+        for (const TxnLog* current = this; current; current = current->parent)
+        {
+            if (current->sharedSeen->end() != std::find(current->sharedSeen->begin(), current->sharedSeen->end(), sortedPair))
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+    else
     {
-        return parent->haveSeen(lhs, rhs);
+        const std::pair<TypeOrPackId, TypeOrPackId> sortedPair = (lhs > rhs) ? std::make_pair(lhs, rhs) : std::make_pair(rhs, lhs);
-    }
+        if (sharedSeen->end() != std::find(sharedSeen->begin(), sharedSeen->end(), sortedPair))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
 
-    return false;
+        if (!FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass && parent)
+        {
+            return parent->haveSeen(lhs, rhs);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
 }
 
 void TxnLog::pushSeen(TypeOrPackId lhs, TypeOrPackId rhs)
@@ -222,8 +242,8 @@ PendingType* TxnLog::pending(TypeId ty) const
 
     for (const TxnLog* current = this; current; current = current->parent)
     {
-        if (auto it = current->typeVarChanges.find(ty); it != current->typeVarChanges.end())
+        if (auto it = current->typeVarChanges.find(ty))
-            return it->second.get();
+            return it->get();
     }
 
     return nullptr;
@@ -237,8 +257,8 @@ PendingTypePack* TxnLog::pending(TypePackId tp) const
 
     for (const TxnLog* current = this; current; current = current->parent)
     {
-        if (auto it = current->typePackChanges.find(tp); it != current->typePackChanges.end())
+        if (auto it = current->typePackChanges.find(tp))
-            return it->second.get();
+            return it->get();
     }
 
     return nullptr;

Analysis/src/TypeAttach.cpp

@@ -94,6 +94,16 @@ public:
         }
     }
 
+    AstType* operator()(const ConstrainedTypeVar& ctv)
+    {
+        AstArray<AstType*> types;
+        types.size = ctv.parts.size();
+        types.data = static_cast<AstType**>(allocator->allocate(sizeof(AstType*) * ctv.parts.size()));
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ctv.parts.size(); ++i)
+            types.data[i] = Luau::visit(*this, ctv.parts[i]->ty);
+        return allocator->alloc<AstTypeIntersection>(Location(), types);
+    }
+
     AstType* operator()(const SingletonTypeVar& stv)
     {
         if (const BooleanSingleton* bs = get<BooleanSingleton>(&stv))
@@ -364,6 +374,9 @@ public:
 
     AstTypePack* operator()(const VariadicTypePack& vtp) const
     {
+        if (vtp.hidden)
+            return nullptr;
+
         return allocator->alloc<AstTypePackVariadic>(Location(), Luau::visit(*typeVisitor, vtp.ty->ty));
     }
 

Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp

@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@
 
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/ModuleResolver.h"
+#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
+#include "Luau/Parser.h"
 #include "Luau/Quantify.h"
 #include "Luau/RecursionCounter.h"
 #include "Luau/Scope.h"
 #include "Luau/Substitution.h"
 #include "Luau/TopoSortStatements.h"
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
+#include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeVar.h"
@@ -19,14 +22,17 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauMagicTypes, false)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, 500)
+LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferIterationLimit, 2000)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferTypePackLoopLimit, 5000)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCheckRecursionLimit, 500)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauKnowsTheDataModel3)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauSeparateTypechecks)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAutocompleteSingletonTypes)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCyclicModuleTypeSurface, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauEqConstraint, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauWeakEqConstraint, false) // Eventually removed as false.
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauFreezeDuringUnification, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauRecursiveTypeParameterRestriction, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauGenericFunctionsDontCacheTypeParams, false)
@@ -39,6 +45,7 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauErrorRecoveryType, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauOnlyMutateInstantiatedTables, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauPropertiesGetExpectedType, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauStatFunctionSimplify4, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTypecheckOptPass, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauUnsealedTableLiteral, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypeMismatchModuleName)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTwoPassAliasDefinitionFix, false)
@@ -53,6 +60,8 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCheckImplicitNumbericKeys, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauDecoupleOperatorInferenceFromUnifiedTypeInference, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauArgCountMismatchSaysAtLeastWhenVariadic, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableUseCounterInstead, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauRecursionLimitException, false);
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -140,6 +149,34 @@ bool hasBreak(AstStat* node)
     }
 }
 
+static bool hasReturn(const AstStat* node)
+{
+    struct Searcher : AstVisitor
+    {
+        bool result = false;
+
+        bool visit(AstStat*) override
+        {
+            return !result; // if we've already found a return statement, don't bother to traverse inward anymore
+        }
+
+        bool visit(AstStatReturn*) override
+        {
+            result = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        bool visit(AstExprFunction*) override
+        {
+            return false; // We don't care if the function uses a lambda that itself returns
+        }
+    };
+
+    Searcher searcher;
+    const_cast<AstStat*>(node)->visit(&searcher);
+    return searcher.result;
+}
+
 // returns the last statement before the block exits, or nullptr if the block never exits
 const AstStat* getFallthrough(const AstStat* node)
 {
@@ -253,6 +290,26 @@ TypeChecker::TypeChecker(ModuleResolver* resolver, InternalErrorReporter* iceHan
 }
 
 ModulePtr TypeChecker::check(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope)
+{
+    if (FFlag::LuauRecursionLimitException)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            return checkWithoutRecursionCheck(module, mode, environmentScope);
+        }
+        catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
+        {
+            reportErrorCodeTooComplex(module.root->location);
+            return std::move(currentModule);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return checkWithoutRecursionCheck(module, mode, environmentScope);
+    }
+}
+
+ModulePtr TypeChecker::checkWithoutRecursionCheck(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope)
 {
     LUAU_TIMETRACE_SCOPE("TypeChecker::check", "TypeChecker");
     LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("module", module.name.c_str());
@@ -268,6 +325,12 @@ ModulePtr TypeChecker::check(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optiona
 
     iceHandler->moduleName = module.name;
 
+    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
+    {
+        unifierState.counters.recursionLimit = FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit;
+        unifierState.counters.iterationLimit = unifierIterationLimit ? *unifierIterationLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit;
+    }
+
     ScopePtr parentScope = environmentScope.value_or(globalScope);
     ScopePtr moduleScope = std::make_shared<Scope>(parentScope);
 
@@ -312,7 +375,7 @@ ModulePtr TypeChecker::check(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optiona
 
     prepareErrorsForDisplay(currentModule->errors);
 
-    bool encounteredFreeType = currentModule->clonePublicInterface();
+    bool encounteredFreeType = currentModule->clonePublicInterface(*iceHandler);
     if (encounteredFreeType)
     {
         reportError(TypeError{module.root->location,
@@ -415,7 +478,26 @@ void TypeChecker::checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
         reportErrorCodeTooComplex(block.location);
         return;
     }
+    if (FFlag::LuauRecursionLimitException)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(scope, block);
+        }
+        catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
+        {
+            reportErrorCodeTooComplex(block.location);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(scope, block);
+    }
+}
 
+void TypeChecker::checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
+{
     int subLevel = 0;
 
     std::vector<AstStat*> sorted(block.body.data, block.body.data + block.body.size);
@@ -435,6 +517,16 @@ void TypeChecker::checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
 
     std::unordered_map<AstStat*, std::pair<TypeId, ScopePtr>> functionDecls;
 
+    auto isLocalLambda = [](AstStat* stat) -> AstStatLocal* {
+        AstStatLocal* local = stat->as<AstStatLocal>();
+
+        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && local && local->vars.size == 1 && local->values.size == 1 &&
+            local->values.data[0]->is<AstExprFunction>())
+            return local;
+        else
+            return nullptr;
+    };
+
     auto checkBody = [&](AstStat* stat) {
         if (auto fun = stat->as<AstStatFunction>())
         {
@@ -482,7 +574,7 @@ void TypeChecker::checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
         // function f<a>(x:a):a local x: number = g(37) return x end
         // function g(x:number):number return f(x) end
         // ```
-        if (containsFunctionCallOrReturn(**protoIter))
+        if (containsFunctionCallOrReturn(**protoIter) || (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && isLocalLambda(*protoIter)))
         {
             while (checkIter != protoIter)
             {
@@ -513,7 +605,8 @@ void TypeChecker::checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
             functionDecls[*protoIter] = pair;
             ++subLevel;
 
-            TypeId leftType = checkFunctionName(scope, *fun->name, funScope->level);
+            TypeId leftType = follow(checkFunctionName(scope, *fun->name, funScope->level));
+
             unify(funTy, leftType, fun->location);
         }
         else if (auto fun = (*protoIter)->as<AstStatLocalFunction>())
@@ -658,6 +751,16 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatRepeat& statement)
     checkExpr(repScope, *statement.condition);
 }
 
+void TypeChecker::unifyLowerBound(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location)
+{
+    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
+    state.unifyLowerBound(subTy, superTy);
+
+    state.log.commit();
+
+    reportErrors(state.errors);
+}
+
 void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatReturn& return_)
 {
     std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes;
@@ -682,6 +785,12 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatReturn& return_)
 
     TypePackId retPack = checkExprList(scope, return_.location, return_.list, false, {}, expectedTypes).type;
 
+    if (useConstrainedIntersections())
+    {
+        unifyLowerBound(retPack, scope->returnType, return_.location);
+        return;
+    }
+
     // HACK: Nonstrict mode gets a bit too smart and strict for us when we
     // start typechecking everything across module boundaries.
     if (isNonstrictMode() && follow(scope->returnType) == follow(currentModule->getModuleScope()->returnType))
@@ -1209,9 +1318,11 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const ScopePtr& funSco
         else if (tableSelf->state == TableState::Sealed)
             reportError(TypeError{function.location, CannotExtendTable{selfTy, CannotExtendTable::Property, indexName->index.value}});
 
+        const bool tableIsExtendable = tableSelf && tableSelf->state != TableState::Sealed;
+
         ty = follow(ty);
 
-        if (tableSelf && tableSelf->state != TableState::Sealed)
+        if (tableIsExtendable)
             tableSelf->props[indexName->index.value] = {ty, /* deprecated */ false, {}, indexName->indexLocation};
 
         const FunctionTypeVar* funTy = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);
@@ -1224,7 +1335,7 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const ScopePtr& funSco
 
         checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);
 
-        if (tableSelf && tableSelf->state != TableState::Sealed)
+        if (tableIsExtendable)
             tableSelf->props[indexName->index.value] = {
                 follow(quantify(funScope, ty, indexName->indexLocation)), /* deprecated */ false, {}, indexName->indexLocation};
     }
@@ -1372,7 +1483,11 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatTypeAlias& typealias
                     for (auto param : binding->typePackParams)
                         clone.instantiatedTypePackParams.push_back(param.tp);
 
+                    bool isNormal = ty->normal;
                     ty = addType(std::move(clone));
+
+                    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+                        asMutable(ty)->normal = isNormal;
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -1400,6 +1515,14 @@ void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatTypeAlias& typealias
 
         if (FFlag::LuauTwoPassAliasDefinitionFix && ok)
             bindingType = ty;
+
+        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        {
+            auto [t, ok] = normalize(bindingType, currentModule, *iceHandler);
+            bindingType = t;
+            if (!ok)
+                reportError(typealias.location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1673,10 +1796,11 @@ ExprResult<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCa
     {
         return {pack->head.empty() ? nilType : pack->head[0], std::move(result.predicates)};
     }
-    else if (get<Unifiable::Free>(retPack))
+    else if (const FreeTypePack* ftp = get<Unifiable::Free>(retPack))
     {
-        TypeId head = freshType(scope);
+        TypeLevel level = FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation ? ftp->level : scope->level;
-        TypePackId pack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{{head}, freshTypePack(scope)}});
+        TypeId head = freshType(level);
+        TypePackId pack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{{head}, freshTypePack(level)}});
         unify(pack, retPack, expr.location);
         return {head, std::move(result.predicates)};
     }
@@ -1793,7 +1917,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::getIndexTypeFromType(
 
         for (TypeId t : utv)
         {
-            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "getIndexTypeForType unions");
 
             // Not needed when we normalize types.
             if (get<AnyTypeVar>(follow(t)))
@@ -1817,12 +1941,25 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::getIndexTypeFromType(
             return std::nullopt;
         }
 
-        std::vector<TypeId> result = reduceUnion(goodOptions);
+        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        {
+            auto [t, ok] = normalize(addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(goodOptions)}), currentModule,
+                *iceHandler); // FIXME Inefficient.  We craft a UnionTypeVar and immediately throw it away.
 
-        if (result.size() == 1)
+            if (!ok)
-            return result[0];
+                reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
 
-        return addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(result)});
+            return t;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::vector<TypeId> result = reduceUnion(goodOptions);
+
+            if (result.size() == 1)
+                return result[0];
+
+            return addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(result)});
+        }
     }
     else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = get<IntersectionTypeVar>(type))
     {
@@ -1830,7 +1967,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::getIndexTypeFromType(
 
         for (TypeId t : itv->parts)
         {
-            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "getIndexTypeFromType intersections");
 
             if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, t, name, location, false))
                 parts.push_back(*ty);
@@ -1982,7 +2119,6 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::stripFromNilAndReport(TypeId ty, const Location& location)
         {
             if (!std::any_of(begin(utv), end(utv), isNil))
                 return ty;
-
         }
 
         if (std::optional<TypeId> strippedUnion = tryStripUnionFromNil(ty))
@@ -2124,7 +2260,26 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::checkExprTable(
 
 ExprResult<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
 {
-    RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    if (FFlag::LuauTableUseCounterInstead)
+    {
+        RecursionCounter _rc(&checkRecursionCount);
+        if (FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit > 0 && checkRecursionCount >= FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit)
+        {
+            reportErrorCodeTooComplex(expr.location);
+            return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
+        }
+
+        return checkExpr_(scope, expr, expectedType);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "checkExpr for tables");
+        return checkExpr_(scope, expr, expectedType);
+    }
+}
+
+ExprResult<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr_(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
+{
     std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>> fieldTypes(expr.items.size);
 
     const TableTypeVar* expectedTable = nullptr;
@@ -3176,6 +3331,10 @@ std::pair<TypeId, ScopePtr> TypeChecker::checkFunctionSignature(
                 funScope->varargPack = anyTypePack;
         }
     }
+    else if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && !isNonstrictMode())
+    {
+        funScope->varargPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{anyType, /*hidden*/ true}});
+    }
 
     std::vector<TypeId> argTypes;
 
@@ -3311,9 +3470,24 @@ void TypeChecker::checkFunctionBody(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const AstE
     {
         check(scope, *function.body);
 
-        // We explicitly don't follow here to check if we have a 'true' free type instead of bound one
+        if (useConstrainedIntersections())
-        if (get_if<FreeTypePack>(&funTy->retType->ty))
+        {
-            *asMutable(funTy->retType) = TypePack{{}, std::nullopt};
+            TypePackId retPack = follow(funTy->retType);
+            // It is possible for a function to have no annotation and no return statement, and yet still have an ascribed return type
+            // if it is expected to conform to some other interface. (eg the function may be a lambda passed as a callback)
+            if (!hasReturn(function.body) && !function.returnAnnotation.has_value() && get<FreeTypePack>(retPack))
+            {
+                auto level = getLevel(retPack);
+                if (level && scope->level.subsumes(*level))
+                    *asMutable(retPack) = TypePack{{}, std::nullopt};
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // We explicitly don't follow here to check if we have a 'true' free type instead of bound one
+            if (get_if<FreeTypePack>(&funTy->retType->ty))
+                *asMutable(funTy->retType) = TypePack{{}, std::nullopt};
+        }
 
         bool reachesImplicitReturn = getFallthrough(function.body) != nullptr;
 
@@ -3418,6 +3592,19 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
 
     size_t minParams = FFlag::LuauFixIncorrectLineNumberDuplicateType ? 0 : getMinParameterCount_DEPRECATED(paramPack);
 
+    auto reportCountMismatchError = [&state, &argLocations, minParams, paramPack, argPack]() {
+        // For this case, we want the error span to cover every errant extra parameter
+        Location location = state.location;
+        if (!argLocations.empty())
+            location = {state.location.begin, argLocations.back().end};
+
+        size_t mp = minParams;
+        if (FFlag::LuauFixArgumentCountMismatchAmountWithGenericTypes)
+            mp = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);
+
+        state.reportError(TypeError{location, CountMismatch{mp, std::distance(begin(argPack), end(argPack))}});
+    };
+
     while (true)
     {
         state.location = paramIndex < argLocations.size() ? argLocations[paramIndex] : state.location;
@@ -3472,6 +3659,8 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
                 }
                 else if (auto vtp = state.log.getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tail))
                 {
+                    // Function is variadic and requires that all subsequent parameters
+                    // be compatible with a type.
                     while (paramIter != endIter)
                     {
                         state.tryUnify(vtp->ty, *paramIter);
@@ -3506,14 +3695,22 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
                 else if (state.log.getMutable<ErrorTypeVar>(t))
                 {
                 } // ok
-                else if (!FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional && isNonstrictMode() && state.log.getMutable<AnyTypeVar>(t))
+                else if (!FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional && isNonstrictMode() && state.log.get<AnyTypeVar>(t))
                 {
                 } // ok
                 else
                 {
                     if (FFlag::LuauFixArgumentCountMismatchAmountWithGenericTypes)
                         minParams = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);
-                    bool isVariadic = FFlag::LuauArgCountMismatchSaysAtLeastWhenVariadic && !finite(paramPack, &state.log);
+
+                    bool isVariadic = false;
+                    if (FFlag::LuauArgCountMismatchSaysAtLeastWhenVariadic)
+                    {
+                        std::optional<TypePackId> tail = flatten(paramPack, state.log).second;
+                        if (tail)
+                            isVariadic = Luau::isVariadic(*tail);
+                    }
+
                     state.reportError(TypeError{state.location, CountMismatch{minParams, paramIndex, CountMismatch::Context::Arg, isVariadic}});
                     return;
                 }
@@ -3532,14 +3729,7 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
                     unify(errorRecoveryType(scope), *argIter, state.location);
                     ++argIter;
                 }
-                // For this case, we want the error span to cover every errant extra parameter
+                reportCountMismatchError();
-                Location location = state.location;
-                if (!argLocations.empty())
-                    location = {state.location.begin, argLocations.back().end};
-
-                if (FFlag::LuauFixArgumentCountMismatchAmountWithGenericTypes)
-                    minParams = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);
-                state.reportError(TypeError{location, CountMismatch{minParams, std::distance(begin(argPack), end(argPack))}});
                 return;
             }
             TypePackId tail = state.log.follow(*paramIter.tail());
@@ -3551,6 +3741,21 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
             }
             else if (auto vtp = state.log.getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tail))
             {
+                if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && vtp->hidden)
+                {
+                    // We know that this function can technically be oversaturated, but we have its definition and we
+                    // know that it's useless.
+
+                    TypeId e = errorRecoveryType(scope);
+                    while (argIter != endIter)
+                    {
+                        unify(e, *argIter, state.location);
+                        ++argIter;
+                    }
+
+                    reportCountMismatchError();
+                    return;
+                }
                 // Function is variadic and requires that all subsequent parameters
                 // be compatible with a type.
                 size_t argIndex = paramIndex;
@@ -3595,14 +3800,7 @@ void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
             }
             else if (state.log.getMutable<GenericTypePack>(tail))
             {
-                // For this case, we want the error span to cover every errant extra parameter
+                reportCountMismatchError();
-                Location location = state.location;
-                if (!argLocations.empty())
-                    location = {state.location.begin, argLocations.back().end};
-                // TODO: Better error message?
-                if (FFlag::LuauFixArgumentCountMismatchAmountWithGenericTypes)
-                    minParams = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);
-                state.reportError(TypeError{location, CountMismatch{minParams, std::distance(begin(argPack), end(argPack))}});
                 return;
             }
         }
@@ -3661,7 +3859,7 @@ ExprResult<TypePackId> TypeChecker::checkExprPack(const ScopePtr& scope, const A
     actualFunctionType = follow(actualFunctionType);
 
     TypePackId retPack;
-    if (!FFlag::LuauWidenIfSupertypeIsFree2)
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation || !FFlag::LuauWidenIfSupertypeIsFree2)
     {
         retPack = freshTypePack(scope->level);
     }
@@ -3809,21 +4007,49 @@ std::optional<ExprResult<TypePackId>> TypeChecker::checkCallOverload(const Scope
         return {{errorRecoveryTypePack(scope)}};
     }
 
-    if (get<FreeTypeVar>(fn))
+    if (auto ftv = get<FreeTypeVar>(fn))
     {
         // fn is one of the overloads of actualFunctionType, which
         // has been instantiated, so is a monotype. We can therefore
         // unify it with a monomorphic function.
-        TypeId r = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, argPack, retPack));
+        if (useConstrainedIntersections())
-        if (FFlag::LuauWidenIfSupertypeIsFree2)
         {
-            UnifierOptions options;
+            // This ternary is phrased deliberately.  We need ties between sibling scopes to bias toward ftv->level.
-            options.isFunctionCall = true;
+            const TypeLevel level = scope->level.subsumes(ftv->level) ? scope->level : ftv->level;
-            unify(r, fn, expr.location, options);
+
+            std::vector<TypeId> adjustedArgTypes;
+            auto it = begin(argPack);
+            auto endIt = end(argPack);
+            Widen widen{&currentModule->internalTypes};
+            for (; it != endIt; ++it)
+            {
+                TypeId t = *it;
+                TypeId widened = widen.substitute(t).value_or(t); // Surely widening is infallible
+                adjustedArgTypes.push_back(addType(ConstrainedTypeVar{level, {widened}}));
+            }
+
+            TypePackId adjustedArgPack = addTypePack(TypePack{std::move(adjustedArgTypes), it.tail()});
+
+            TxnLog log;
+            promoteTypeLevels(log, &currentModule->internalTypes, level, retPack);
+            log.commit();
+
+            *asMutable(fn) = FunctionTypeVar{level, adjustedArgPack, retPack};
+            return {{retPack}};
         }
         else
-            unify(fn, r, expr.location);
+        {
-        return {{retPack}};
+            TypeId r = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, argPack, retPack));
+            if (FFlag::LuauWidenIfSupertypeIsFree2)
+            {
+                UnifierOptions options;
+                options.isFunctionCall = true;
+                unify(r, fn, expr.location, options);
+            }
+            else
+                unify(fn, r, expr.location);
+            return {{retPack}};
+        }
     }
 
     std::vector<Location> metaArgLocations;
@@ -4363,10 +4589,17 @@ void TypeChecker::unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId s
 
 bool Instantiation::isDirty(TypeId ty)
 {
-    if (log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+    if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass && ftv->hasNoGenerics)
+            return false;
+
         return true;
+    }
     else
+    {
         return false;
+    }
 }
 
 bool Instantiation::isDirty(TypePackId tp)
@@ -4414,14 +4647,21 @@ TypePackId Instantiation::clean(TypePackId tp)
 bool ReplaceGenerics::ignoreChildren(TypeId ty)
 {
     if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = log->getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass && ftv->hasNoGenerics)
+            return true;
+
         // We aren't recursing in the case of a generic function which
         // binds the same generics. This can happen if, for example, there's recursive types.
         // If T = <a>(a,T)->T then instantiating T should produce T' = (X,T)->T not T' = (X,T')->T'.
         // It's OK to use vector equality here, since we always generate fresh generics
         // whenever we quantify, so the vectors overlap if and only if they are equal.
         return (!generics.empty() || !genericPacks.empty()) && (ftv->generics == generics) && (ftv->genericPacks == genericPacks);
+    }
     else
+    {
         return false;
+    }
 }
 
 bool ReplaceGenerics::isDirty(TypeId ty)
@@ -4464,16 +4704,24 @@ TypePackId ReplaceGenerics::clean(TypePackId tp)
 
 bool Anyification::isDirty(TypeId ty)
 {
+    if (ty->persistent)
+        return false;
+
     if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
         return (ttv->state == TableState::Free || (FFlag::LuauSealExports && ttv->state == TableState::Unsealed));
     else if (log->getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
         return true;
+    else if (get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+        return true;
     else
         return false;
 }
 
 bool Anyification::isDirty(TypePackId tp)
 {
+    if (tp->persistent)
+        return false;
+
     if (log->getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tp))
         return true;
     else
@@ -4494,7 +4742,16 @@ TypeId Anyification::clean(TypeId ty)
             clone.syntheticName = ttv->syntheticName;
             clone.tags = ttv->tags;
         }
-        return addType(std::move(clone));
+        TypeId res = addType(std::move(clone));
+        asMutable(res)->normal = ty->normal;
+        return res;
+    }
+    else if (auto ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
+    {
+        auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, *arena, *iceHandler);
+        if (!ok)
+            normalizationTooComplex = true;
+        return t;
     }
     else
         return anyType;
@@ -4511,16 +4768,34 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::quantify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location
     ty = follow(ty);
 
     const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);
-    if (!ftv || !ftv->generics.empty() || !ftv->genericPacks.empty())
+    if (ftv && ftv->generics.empty() && ftv->genericPacks.empty())
-        return ty;
+        Luau::quantify(ty, scope->level);
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && ftv)
+    {
+        auto [t, ok] = Luau::normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
+        if (!ok)
+            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
+        return t;
+    }
 
-    Luau::quantify(ty, scope->level);
     return ty;
 }
 
 TypeId TypeChecker::instantiate(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location, const TxnLog* log)
 {
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(ty));
+        if (ftv && ftv->hasNoGenerics)
+            return ty;
+    }
+
     Instantiation instantiation{log, &currentModule->internalTypes, scope->level};
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits && instantiationChildLimit)
+        instantiation.childLimit = *instantiationChildLimit;
+
     std::optional<TypeId> instantiated = instantiation.substitute(ty);
     if (instantiated.has_value())
         return *instantiated;
@@ -4533,8 +4808,18 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::instantiate(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location locat
 
 TypeId TypeChecker::anyify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location)
 {
-    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, anyType, anyTypePack};
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+    {
+        auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
+        if (!ok)
+            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
+        ty = t;
+    }
+
+    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, iceHandler, anyType, anyTypePack};
     std::optional<TypeId> any = anyification.substitute(ty);
+    if (anyification.normalizationTooComplex)
+        reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
     if (any.has_value())
         return *any;
     else
@@ -4546,7 +4831,15 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::anyify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location)
 
 TypePackId TypeChecker::anyify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypePackId ty, Location location)
 {
-    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, anyType, anyTypePack};
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+    {
+        auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
+        if (!ok)
+            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
+        ty = t;
+    }
+
+    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, iceHandler, anyType, anyTypePack};
     std::optional<TypePackId> any = anyification.substitute(ty);
     if (any.has_value())
         return *any;
@@ -4830,6 +5123,7 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::resolveType(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstType& annotation
             ToStringOptions opts;
             opts.exhaustive = true;
             opts.maxTableLength = 0;
+            opts.useLineBreaks = true;
 
             TypeId param = resolveType(scope, *lit->parameters.data[0].type);
             luauPrintLine(format("_luau_print\t%s\t|\t%s", toString(param, opts).c_str(), toString(lit->location).c_str()));
@@ -5283,7 +5577,7 @@ TypeId TypeChecker::instantiateTypeFun(const ScopePtr& scope, const TypeFun& tf,
     bool needsClone = follow(tf.type) == target;
     bool shouldMutate = (!FFlag::LuauOnlyMutateInstantiatedTables || getTableType(tf.type));
     TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutableTableType(target);
-    
+
     if (shouldMutate && ttv && needsClone)
     {
         // Substitution::clone is a shallow clone. If this is a metatable type, we
@@ -5487,25 +5781,82 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::resolveLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, const LV
     //  We need to search in the provided Scope. Find t.x.y first.
     //  We fail to find t.x.y. Try t.x. We found it. Now we must return the type of the property y from the mapped-to type of t.x.
     //  If we completely fail to find the Symbol t but the Scope has that entry, then we should walk that all the way through and terminate.
-    const auto& [symbol, keys] = getFullName(lvalue);
+    if (!FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        const auto& [symbol, keys] = getFullName(lvalue);
+
+        ScopePtr currentScope = scope;
+        while (currentScope)
+        {
+            std::optional<TypeId> found;
+
+            std::vector<LValue> childKeys;
+            const LValue* currentLValue = &lvalue;
+            while (currentLValue)
+            {
+                if (auto it = currentScope->refinements.find(*currentLValue); it != currentScope->refinements.end())
+                {
+                    found = it->second;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                childKeys.push_back(*currentLValue);
+                currentLValue = baseof(*currentLValue);
+            }
+
+            if (!found)
+            {
+                // Should not be using scope->lookup. This is already recursive.
+                if (auto it = currentScope->bindings.find(symbol); it != currentScope->bindings.end())
+                    found = it->second.typeId;
+                else
+                {
+                    // Nothing exists in this Scope. Just skip and try the parent one.
+                    currentScope = currentScope->parent;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (auto it = childKeys.rbegin(); it != childKeys.rend(); ++it)
+            {
+                const LValue& key = *it;
+
+                // Symbol can happen. Skip.
+                if (get<Symbol>(key))
+                    continue;
+                else if (auto field = get<Field>(key))
+                {
+                    found = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, *found, field->key, Location(), false);
+                    if (!found)
+                        return std::nullopt; // Turns out this type doesn't have the property at all. We're done.
+                }
+                else
+                    LUAU_ASSERT(!"New LValue alternative not handled here.");
+            }
+
+            return found;
+        }
+
+        // No entry for it at all. Can happen when LValue root is a global.
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    const Symbol symbol = getBaseSymbol(lvalue);
 
     ScopePtr currentScope = scope;
     while (currentScope)
     {
         std::optional<TypeId> found;
 
-        std::vector<LValue> childKeys;
+        const LValue* topLValue = nullptr;
-        const LValue* currentLValue = &lvalue;
+
-        while (currentLValue)
+        for (topLValue = &lvalue; topLValue; topLValue = baseof(*topLValue))
         {
-            if (auto it = currentScope->refinements.find(*currentLValue); it != currentScope->refinements.end())
+            if (auto it = currentScope->refinements.find(*topLValue); it != currentScope->refinements.end())
             {
                 found = it->second;
                 break;
             }
-
-            childKeys.push_back(*currentLValue);
-            currentLValue = baseof(*currentLValue);
         }
 
         if (!found)
@@ -5521,9 +5872,15 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::resolveLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, const LV
             }
         }
 
+        // We need to walk the l-value path in reverse, so we collect components into a vector
+        std::vector<const LValue*> childKeys;
+
+        for (const LValue* curr = &lvalue; curr != topLValue; curr = baseof(*curr))
+            childKeys.push_back(curr);
+
         for (auto it = childKeys.rbegin(); it != childKeys.rend(); ++it)
         {
-            const LValue& key = *it;
+            const LValue& key = **it;
 
             // Symbol can happen. Skip.
             if (get<Symbol>(key))
@@ -5938,6 +6295,11 @@ bool TypeChecker::isNonstrictMode() const
     return (currentModule->mode == Mode::Nonstrict) || (currentModule->mode == Mode::NoCheck);
 }
 
+bool TypeChecker::useConstrainedIntersections() const
+{
+    return FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && !isNonstrictMode();
+}
+
 std::vector<TypeId> TypeChecker::unTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope, TypePackId tp, size_t expectedLength, const Location& location)
 {
     TypePackId expectedTypePack = addTypePack({});

Analysis/src/TypePack.cpp

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp)
     return TypePackIterator{tp};
 }
 
-TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, TxnLog* log)
+TypePackIterator begin(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog* log)
 {
     return TypePackIterator{tp, log};
 }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ size_t size(const TypePack& tp, TxnLog* log)
     return result;
 }
 
-std::optional<TypeId> first(TypePackId tp)
+std::optional<TypeId> first(TypePackId tp, bool ignoreHiddenVariadics)
 {
     auto it = begin(tp);
     auto endIter = end(tp);
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> first(TypePackId tp)
 
     if (auto tail = it.tail())
     {
-        if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*tail))
+        if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*tail); vtp && (!vtp->hidden || !ignoreHiddenVariadics))
             return vtp->ty;
     }
 
@@ -299,6 +299,46 @@ std::pair<std::vector<TypeId>, std::optional<TypePackId>> flatten(TypePackId tp)
     return {res, iter.tail()};
 }
 
+std::pair<std::vector<TypeId>, std::optional<TypePackId>> flatten(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog& log)
+{
+    tp = log.follow(tp);
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> flattened;
+    std::optional<TypePackId> tail = std::nullopt;
+
+    TypePackIterator it(tp, &log);
+
+    for (; it != end(tp); ++it)
+    {
+        flattened.push_back(*it);
+    }
+
+    tail = it.tail();
+
+    return {flattened, tail};
+}
+
+bool isVariadic(TypePackId tp)
+{
+    return isVariadic(tp, *TxnLog::empty());
+}
+
+bool isVariadic(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog& log)
+{
+    std::optional<TypePackId> tail = flatten(tp, log).second;
+
+    if (!tail)
+        return false;
+
+    if (log.get<GenericTypePack>(*tail))
+        return true;
+
+    if (auto vtp = log.get<VariadicTypePack>(*tail); vtp && !vtp->hidden)
+        return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 TypePackVar* asMutable(TypePackId tp)
 {
     return const_cast<TypePackVar*>(tp);

Analysis/src/TypeVar.cpp

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ bool maybeString(TypeId ty)
     if (FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables)
     {
         ty = follow(ty);
-    
+
         if (isPrim(ty, PrimitiveTypeVar::String) || get<AnyTypeVar>(ty))
             return true;
 
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ bool maybeSingleton(TypeId ty)
 
 bool hasLength(TypeId ty, DenseHashSet<TypeId>& seen, int* recursionCount)
 {
-    RecursionLimiter _rl(recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _rl(recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "hasLength");
 
     ty = follow(ty);
 
@@ -654,9 +654,9 @@ static TypeVar booleanType_{PrimitiveTypeVar{PrimitiveTypeVar::Boolean}, /*persi
 static TypeVar threadType_{PrimitiveTypeVar{PrimitiveTypeVar::Thread}, /*persistent*/ true};
 static TypeVar trueType_{SingletonTypeVar{BooleanSingleton{true}}, /*persistent*/ true};
 static TypeVar falseType_{SingletonTypeVar{BooleanSingleton{false}}, /*persistent*/ true};
-static TypeVar anyType_{AnyTypeVar{}};
+static TypeVar anyType_{AnyTypeVar{}, /*persistent*/ true};
-static TypeVar errorType_{ErrorTypeVar{}};
+static TypeVar errorType_{ErrorTypeVar{}, /*persistent*/ true};
-static TypeVar optionalNumberType_{UnionTypeVar{{&numberType_, &nilType_}}};
+static TypeVar optionalNumberType_{UnionTypeVar{{&numberType_, &nilType_}}, /*persistent*/ true};
 
 static TypePackVar anyTypePack_{VariadicTypePack{&anyType_}, true};
 static TypePackVar errorTypePack_{Unifiable::Error{}};
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ TypeId SingletonTypes::makeStringMetatable()
 {
     const TypeId optionalNumber = arena->addType(UnionTypeVar{{nilType, numberType}});
     const TypeId optionalString = arena->addType(UnionTypeVar{{nilType, stringType}});
-    const TypeId optionalBoolean = arena->addType(UnionTypeVar{{nilType, &booleanType_}});
+    const TypeId optionalBoolean = arena->addType(UnionTypeVar{{nilType, booleanType}});
 
     const TypePackId oneStringPack = arena->addTypePack({stringType});
     const TypePackId anyTypePack = arena->addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{anyType}, true});
@@ -802,6 +802,7 @@ void persist(TypeId ty)
             continue;
 
         asMutable(t)->persistent = true;
+        asMutable(t)->normal = true; // all persistent types are assumed to be normal
 
         if (auto btv = get<BoundTypeVar>(t))
             queue.push_back(btv->boundTo);
@@ -838,6 +839,11 @@ void persist(TypeId ty)
             for (TypeId opt : itv->parts)
                 queue.push_back(opt);
         }
+        else if (auto ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(t))
+        {
+            for (TypeId opt : ctv->parts)
+                queue.push_back(opt);
+        }
         else if (auto mtv = get<MetatableTypeVar>(t))
         {
             queue.push_back(mtv->table);
@@ -899,6 +905,16 @@ TypeLevel* getMutableLevel(TypeId ty)
     return const_cast<TypeLevel*>(getLevel(ty));
 }
 
+std::optional<TypeLevel> getLevel(TypePackId tp)
+{
+    tp = follow(tp);
+
+    if (auto ftv = get<Unifiable::Free>(tp))
+        return ftv->level;
+    else
+        return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 const Property* lookupClassProp(const ClassTypeVar* cls, const Name& name)
 {
     while (cls)

Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp

@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTINT(LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
 LUAU_FASTINT(LuauTypeInferTypePackLoopLimit);
-LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferIterationLimit, 2000);
+LUAU_FASTINT(LuauTypeInferIterationLimit);
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
+LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferLowerBoundsIterationLimit, 2000);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauExtendedIndexerError, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableSubtypingVariance2, false);
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauErrorRecoveryType);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauWidenIfSupertypeIsFree2, false)
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTxnLogRefreshFunctionPointers, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTxnLogDontRetryForIndexers, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauUnifierCacheErrors, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTypecheckOptPass)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -126,7 +130,6 @@ static void promoteTypeLevels(TxnLog& log, const TypeArena* typeArena, TypeLevel
     visitTypeVarOnce(ty, ptl, seen);
 }
 
-// TODO: use this and make it static.
 void promoteTypeLevels(TxnLog& log, const TypeArena* typeArena, TypeLevel minLevel, TypePackId tp)
 {
     // Type levels of types from other modules are already global, so we don't need to promote anything inside
@@ -305,8 +308,7 @@ static std::optional<std::pair<Luau::Name, const SingletonTypeVar*>> getTableMat
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-Unifier::Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState,
+Unifier::Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, const Location& location, Variance variance, UnifierSharedState& sharedState, TxnLog* parentLog)
-    TxnLog* parentLog)
     : types(types)
     , mode(mode)
     , log(parentLog)
@@ -326,6 +328,7 @@ Unifier::Unifier(TypeArena* types, Mode mode, std::vector<std::pair<TypeOrPackId
     , variance(variance)
     , sharedState(sharedState)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass);
     LUAU_ASSERT(sharedState.iceHandler);
 }
 
@@ -338,14 +341,26 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool i
 
 void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool isIntersection)
 {
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount,
+        FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits ? sharedState.counters.recursionLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "TypeId tryUnify_");
 
     ++sharedState.counters.iterationCount;
 
-    if (FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit > 0 && FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
+    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
     {
-        reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+        if (sharedState.counters.iterationLimit > 0 && sharedState.counters.iterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
-        return;
+        {
+            reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit > 0 && FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
+        {
+            reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+            return;
+        }
     }
 
     superTy = log.follow(superTy);
@@ -354,6 +369,9 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool
     if (superTy == subTy)
         return;
 
+    if (log.get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(superTy))
+        return tryUnifyWithConstrainedSuperTypeVar(subTy, superTy);
+
     auto superFree = log.getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(superTy);
     auto subFree = log.getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(subTy);
 
@@ -442,7 +460,18 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool
     if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(superTy) || get<AnyTypeVar>(superTy))
         return tryUnifyWithAny(subTy, superTy);
 
-    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(subTy) || get<AnyTypeVar>(subTy))
+    if (get<AnyTypeVar>(subTy))
+    {
+        if (anyIsTop)
+        {
+            reportError(TypeError{location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy}});
+            return;
+        }
+        else
+            return tryUnifyWithAny(superTy, subTy);
+    }
+
+    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(subTy))
         return tryUnifyWithAny(superTy, subTy);
 
     bool cacheEnabled;
@@ -484,7 +513,9 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool
 
     size_t errorCount = errors.size();
 
-    if (const UnionTypeVar* uv = log.getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(subTy))
+    if (log.get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(subTy))
+        tryUnifyWithConstrainedSubTypeVar(subTy, superTy);
+    else if (const UnionTypeVar* uv = log.getMutable<UnionTypeVar>(subTy))
     {
         tryUnifyUnionWithType(subTy, uv, superTy);
     }
@@ -946,7 +977,7 @@ struct WeirdIter
         LUAU_ASSERT(log.getMutable<TypePack>(newTail));
 
         level = log.getMutable<Unifiable::Free>(packId)->level;
-        log.replace(packId, Unifiable::Bound<TypePackId>(newTail));
+        log.replace(packId, BoundTypePack(newTail));
         packId = newTail;
         pack = log.getMutable<TypePack>(newTail);
         index = 0;
@@ -994,39 +1025,32 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify(TypePackId subTp, TypePackId superTp, bool isFunctionCall
     tryUnify_(subTp, superTp, isFunctionCall);
 }
 
-static std::pair<std::vector<TypeId>, std::optional<TypePackId>> logAwareFlatten(TypePackId tp, const TxnLog& log)
-{
-    tp = log.follow(tp);
-
-    std::vector<TypeId> flattened;
-    std::optional<TypePackId> tail = std::nullopt;
-
-    TypePackIterator it(tp, &log);
-
-    for (; it != end(tp); ++it)
-    {
-        flattened.push_back(*it);
-    }
-
-    tail = it.tail();
-
-    return {flattened, tail};
-}
-
 /*
  * This is quite tricky: we are walking two rope-like structures and unifying corresponding elements.
  * If one is longer than the other, but the short end is free, we grow it to the required length.
  */
 void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypePackId subTp, TypePackId superTp, bool isFunctionCall)
 {
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount,
+        FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits ? sharedState.counters.recursionLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "TypePackId tryUnify_");
 
     ++sharedState.counters.iterationCount;
 
-    if (FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit > 0 && FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
+    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
     {
-        reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+        if (sharedState.counters.iterationLimit > 0 && sharedState.counters.iterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
-        return;
+        {
+            reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit > 0 && FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit < sharedState.counters.iterationCount)
+        {
+            reportError(TypeError{location, UnificationTooComplex{}});
+            return;
+        }
     }
 
     superTp = log.follow(superTp);
@@ -1087,8 +1111,8 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypePackId subTp, TypePackId superTp, bool isFunctionCal
 
         // If the size of two heads does not match, but both packs have free tail
         // We set the sentinel variable to say so to avoid growing it forever.
-        auto [superTypes, superTail] = logAwareFlatten(superTp, log);
+        auto [superTypes, superTail] = flatten(superTp, log);
-        auto [subTypes, subTail] = logAwareFlatten(subTp, log);
+        auto [subTypes, subTail] = flatten(subTp, log);
 
         bool noInfiniteGrowth = (superTypes.size() != subTypes.size()) && (superTail && log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(*superTail)) &&
                                 (subTail && log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(*subTail));
@@ -1165,19 +1189,20 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypePackId subTp, TypePackId superTp, bool isFunctionCal
             else
             {
                 // A union type including nil marks an optional argument
-                if (superIter.good() && isOptional(*superIter))
+                if ((!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation || isNonstrictMode()) && superIter.good() && isOptional(*superIter))
                 {
                     superIter.advance();
                     continue;
                 }
-                else if (subIter.good() && isOptional(*subIter))
+                else if ((!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation || isNonstrictMode()) && subIter.good() && isOptional(*subIter))
                 {
                     subIter.advance();
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 // In nonstrict mode, any also marks an optional argument.
-                else if (!FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional && superIter.good() && isNonstrictMode() && log.getMutable<AnyTypeVar>(log.follow(*superIter)))
+                else if (!FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional && superIter.good() && isNonstrictMode() &&
+                         log.getMutable<AnyTypeVar>(log.follow(*superIter)))
                 {
                     superIter.advance();
                     continue;
@@ -1195,7 +1220,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypePackId subTp, TypePackId superTp, bool isFunctionCal
                     return;
                 }
 
-                if (!isFunctionCall && subIter.good())
+                if ((!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation || isNonstrictMode()) && !isFunctionCall && subIter.good())
                 {
                     // Sometimes it is ok to pass too many arguments
                     return;
@@ -1418,14 +1443,17 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
 
             if (FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional)
             {
-                if (subIter == subTable->props.end() && (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && !isOptional(superProp.type))
+                if (subIter == subTable->props.end() &&
+                    (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && !isOptional(superProp.type))
                     missingProperties.push_back(propName);
             }
             else
             {
                 bool isAny = log.getMutable<AnyTypeVar>(log.follow(superProp.type));
 
-                if (subIter == subTable->props.end() && (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && !isOptional(superProp.type) && !isAny)
+                if (subIter == subTable->props.end() &&
+                    (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && !isOptional(superProp.type) &&
+                    !isAny)
                     missingProperties.push_back(propName);
             }
         }
@@ -1438,8 +1466,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
     }
 
     // And vice versa if we're invariant
-    if (variance == Invariant && !superTable->indexer && superTable->state != TableState::Unsealed &&
+    if (variance == Invariant && !superTable->indexer && superTable->state != TableState::Unsealed && superTable->state != TableState::Free)
-        superTable->state != TableState::Free)
     {
         for (const auto& [propName, subProp] : subTable->props)
         {
@@ -1453,7 +1480,8 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
             else
             {
                 bool isAny = log.is<AnyTypeVar>(log.follow(subProp.type));
-                if (superIter == superTable->props.end() && (FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || (!isOptional(subProp.type) && !isAny)))
+                if (superIter == superTable->props.end() &&
+                    (FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || (!isOptional(subProp.type) && !isAny)))
                     extraProperties.push_back(propName);
             }
         }
@@ -1499,13 +1527,15 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
             if (innerState.errors.empty())
                 log.concat(std::move(innerState.log));
         }
-        else if (FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional && (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && isOptional(prop.type))
+        else if (FFlag::LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional &&
+                 (!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && isOptional(prop.type))
         // This is sound because unsealed table types are precise, so `{ p : T } <: { p : T, q : U? }`
         // since if `t : { p : T }` then we are guaranteed that `t.q` is `nil`.
         // TODO: if the supertype is written to, the subtype may no longer be precise (alias analysis?)
         {
         }
-        else if ((!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) && (isOptional(prop.type) || get<AnyTypeVar>(follow(prop.type))))
+        else if ((!FFlag::LuauSubtypingAddOptPropsToUnsealedTables || subTable->state == TableState::Unsealed) &&
+                 (isOptional(prop.type) || get<AnyTypeVar>(follow(prop.type))))
         // This is sound because unsealed table types are precise, so `{ p : T } <: { p : T, q : U? }`
         // since if `t : { p : T }` then we are guaranteed that `t.q` is `nil`.
         // TODO: should isOptional(anyType) be true?
@@ -1664,9 +1694,9 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
 
     if (FFlag::LuauTxnLogDontRetryForIndexers)
     {
-         // Changing the indexer can invalidate the table pointers.
+        // Changing the indexer can invalidate the table pointers.
-         superTable = log.getMutable<TableTypeVar>(superTy);
+        superTable = log.getMutable<TableTypeVar>(superTy);
-         subTable = log.getMutable<TableTypeVar>(subTy);
+        subTable = log.getMutable<TableTypeVar>(subTy);
     }
     else if (FFlag::LuauTxnLogCheckForInvalidation)
     {
@@ -1921,8 +1951,6 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifySealedTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersec
     if (!superTable || !subTable)
         ice("passed non-table types to unifySealedTables");
 
-    Unifier innerState = makeChildUnifier();
-
     std::vector<std::string> missingPropertiesInSuper;
     bool isUnnamedTable = subTable->name == std::nullopt && subTable->syntheticName == std::nullopt;
     bool errorReported = false;
@@ -1944,6 +1972,8 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifySealedTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersec
         }
     }
 
+    Unifier innerState = makeChildUnifier();
+
     // Tables must have exactly the same props and their types must all unify
     for (const auto& it : superTable->props)
     {
@@ -2376,6 +2406,180 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Unifier::findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, N
     return Luau::findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(errors, lhsType, name, location);
 }
 
+void Unifier::tryUnifyWithConstrainedSubTypeVar(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
+{
+    const ConstrainedTypeVar* subConstrained = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(subTy);
+    if (!subConstrained)
+        ice("tryUnifyWithConstrainedSubTypeVar received non-ConstrainedTypeVar subTy!");
+
+    const std::vector<TypeId>& subTyParts = subConstrained->parts;
+
+    // A | B <: T if A <: T and B <: T
+    bool failed = false;
+    std::optional<TypeError> unificationTooComplex;
+
+    const size_t count = subTyParts.size();
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+    {
+        TypeId type = subTyParts[i];
+        Unifier innerState = makeChildUnifier();
+        innerState.tryUnify_(type, superTy);
+
+        if (i == count - 1)
+            log.concat(std::move(innerState.log));
+
+        ++i;
+
+        if (auto e = hasUnificationTooComplex(innerState.errors))
+            unificationTooComplex = e;
+
+        if (!innerState.errors.empty())
+        {
+            failed = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (unificationTooComplex)
+        reportError(*unificationTooComplex);
+    else if (failed)
+        reportError(TypeError{location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy}});
+    else
+        log.replace(subTy, BoundTypeVar{superTy});
+}
+
+void Unifier::tryUnifyWithConstrainedSuperTypeVar(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
+{
+    ConstrainedTypeVar* superC = log.getMutable<ConstrainedTypeVar>(superTy);
+    if (!superC)
+        ice("tryUnifyWithConstrainedSuperTypeVar received non-ConstrainedTypeVar superTy!");
+
+    // subTy could be a
+    //  table
+    //  metatable
+    //  class
+    //  function
+    //  primitive
+    //  free
+    //  generic
+    //  intersection
+    //  union
+    // Do we really just tack it on?  I think we might!
+    // We can certainly do some deduplication.
+    // Is there any point to deducing Player|Instance when we could just reduce to Instance?
+    // Is it actually ok to have multiple free types in a single intersection?  What if they are later unified into the same type?
+    // Maybe we do a simplification step during quantification.
+
+    auto it = std::find(superC->parts.begin(), superC->parts.end(), subTy);
+    if (it != superC->parts.end())
+        return;
+
+    superC->parts.push_back(subTy);
+}
+
+void Unifier::unifyLowerBound(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy)
+{
+    // The duplication between this and regular typepack unification is tragic.
+
+    auto superIter = begin(superTy, &log);
+    auto superEndIter = end(superTy);
+
+    auto subIter = begin(subTy, &log);
+    auto subEndIter = end(subTy);
+
+    int count = FInt::LuauTypeInferLowerBoundsIterationLimit;
+
+    for (; subIter != subEndIter; ++subIter)
+    {
+        if (0 >= --count)
+            ice("Internal recursion counter limit exceeded in Unifier::unifyLowerBound");
+
+        if (superIter != superEndIter)
+        {
+            tryUnify_(*subIter, *superIter);
+            ++superIter;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto t = superIter.tail())
+        {
+            TypePackId tailPack = follow(*t);
+
+            if (log.get<FreeTypePack>(tailPack))
+                occursCheck(tailPack, subTy);
+
+            FreeTypePack* freeTailPack = log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tailPack);
+            if (!freeTailPack)
+                return;
+
+            TypeLevel level = freeTailPack->level;
+
+            TypePack* tp = getMutable<TypePack>(log.replace(tailPack, TypePack{}));
+
+            for (; subIter != subEndIter; ++subIter)
+            {
+                tp->head.push_back(types->addType(ConstrainedTypeVar{level, {follow(*subIter)}}));
+            }
+
+            tp->tail = subIter.tail();
+        }
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (superIter != superEndIter)
+    {
+        if (auto subTail = subIter.tail())
+        {
+            TypePackId subTailPack = follow(*subTail);
+            if (get<FreeTypePack>(subTailPack))
+            {
+                TypePack* tp = getMutable<TypePack>(log.replace(subTailPack, TypePack{}));
+
+                for (; superIter != superEndIter; ++superIter)
+                    tp->head.push_back(*superIter);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            while (superIter != superEndIter)
+            {
+                if (!isOptional(*superIter))
+                {
+                    errors.push_back(TypeError{location, CountMismatch{size(superTy), size(subTy), CountMismatch::Return}});
+                    return;
+                }
+                ++superIter;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Both iters are at their respective tails
+    auto subTail = subIter.tail();
+    auto superTail = superIter.tail();
+    if (subTail && superTail)
+        tryUnify(*subTail, *superTail);
+    else if (subTail)
+    {
+        const FreeTypePack* freeSubTail = log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(*subTail);
+        if (freeSubTail)
+        {
+            log.replace(*subTail, TypePack{});
+        }
+    }
+    else if (superTail)
+    {
+        const FreeTypePack* freeSuperTail = log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(*superTail);
+        if (freeSuperTail)
+        {
+            log.replace(*superTail, TypePack{});
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 void Unifier::occursCheck(TypeId needle, TypeId haystack)
 {
     sharedState.tempSeenTy.clear();
@@ -2385,7 +2589,8 @@ void Unifier::occursCheck(TypeId needle, TypeId haystack)
 
 void Unifier::occursCheck(DenseHashSet<TypeId>& seen, TypeId needle, TypeId haystack)
 {
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount,
+        FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits ? sharedState.counters.recursionLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "occursCheck for TypeId");
 
     auto check = [&](TypeId tv) {
         occursCheck(seen, needle, tv);
@@ -2425,6 +2630,11 @@ void Unifier::occursCheck(DenseHashSet<TypeId>& seen, TypeId needle, TypeId hays
         for (TypeId ty : a->parts)
             check(ty);
     }
+    else if (auto a = log.getMutable<ConstrainedTypeVar>(haystack))
+    {
+        for (TypeId ty : a->parts)
+            check(ty);
+    }
 }
 
 void Unifier::occursCheck(TypePackId needle, TypePackId haystack)
@@ -2450,7 +2660,8 @@ void Unifier::occursCheck(DenseHashSet<TypePackId>& seen, TypePackId needle, Typ
     if (!log.getMutable<Unifiable::Free>(needle))
         ice("Expected needle pack to be free");
 
-    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit);
+    RecursionLimiter _ra(&sharedState.counters.recursionCount,
+        FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits ? sharedState.counters.recursionLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "occursCheck for TypePackId");
 
     while (!log.getMutable<ErrorTypeVar>(haystack))
     {
@@ -2474,7 +2685,23 @@ void Unifier::occursCheck(DenseHashSet<TypePackId>& seen, TypePackId needle, Typ
 
 Unifier Unifier::makeChildUnifier()
 {
-    return Unifier{types, mode, log.sharedSeen, location, variance, sharedState, &log};
+    if (FFlag::LuauTypecheckOptPass)
+    {
+        Unifier u = Unifier{types, mode, location, variance, sharedState, &log};
+        u.anyIsTop = anyIsTop;
+        return u;
+    }
+
+    Unifier u = Unifier{types, mode, log.sharedSeen, location, variance, sharedState, &log};
+    u.anyIsTop = anyIsTop;
+    return u;
+}
+
+// A utility function that appends the given error to the unifier's error log.
+// This allows setting a breakpoint wherever the unifier reports an error.
+void Unifier::reportError(TypeError err)
+{
+    errors.push_back(std::move(err));
 }
 
 bool Unifier::isNonstrictMode() const

Ast/include/Luau/DenseHash.h

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class DenseHashTable
 {
 public:
     class const_iterator;
+    class iterator;
 
     DenseHashTable(const Key& empty_key, size_t buckets = 0)
         : count(0)
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public:
         // don't move this to initializer list! this works around an MSVC codegen issue on AMD CPUs:
         // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/t/stdvector-constructor-from-size-t-is-25-times-slow/1546547
         if (buckets)
-            data.resize(buckets, ItemInterface::create(empty_key));
+            resize_data<Item>(buckets);
     }
 
     void clear()
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ public:
         if (data.empty() && data.capacity() >= newsize)
         {
             LUAU_ASSERT(count == 0);
-            data.resize(newsize, ItemInterface::create(empty_key));
+            resize_data<Item>(newsize);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -169,6 +170,21 @@ public:
         return const_iterator(this, data.size());
     }
 
+    iterator begin()
+    {
+        size_t start = 0;
+
+        while (start < data.size() && eq(ItemInterface::getKey(data[start]), empty_key))
+            start++;
+
+        return iterator(this, start);
+    }
+
+    iterator end()
+    {
+        return iterator(this, data.size());
+    }
+
     size_t size() const
     {
         return count;
@@ -233,7 +249,82 @@ public:
         size_t index;
     };
 
+    class iterator
+    {
+    public:
+        iterator()
+            : set(0)
+            , index(0)
+        {
+        }
+
+        iterator(DenseHashTable<Key, Item, MutableItem, ItemInterface, Hash, Eq>* set, size_t index)
+            : set(set)
+            , index(index)
+        {
+        }
+
+        MutableItem& operator*() const
+        {
+            return *reinterpret_cast<MutableItem*>(&set->data[index]);
+        }
+
+        MutableItem* operator->() const
+        {
+            return reinterpret_cast<MutableItem*>(&set->data[index]);
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return set == other.set && index == other.index;
+        }
+
+        bool operator!=(const iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return set != other.set || index != other.index;
+        }
+
+        iterator& operator++()
+        {
+            size_t size = set->data.size();
+
+            do
+            {
+                index++;
+            } while (index < size && set->eq(ItemInterface::getKey(set->data[index]), set->empty_key));
+
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        iterator operator++(int)
+        {
+            iterator res = *this;
+            ++*this;
+            return res;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        DenseHashTable<Key, Item, MutableItem, ItemInterface, Hash, Eq>* set;
+        size_t index;
+    };
+
 private:
+    template<typename T>
+    void resize_data(size_t count, typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_copy_assignable_v<T>>* dummy = nullptr)
+    {
+        data.resize(count, ItemInterface::create(empty_key));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void resize_data(size_t count, typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_copy_assignable_v<T>>* dummy = nullptr)
+    {
+        size_t size = data.size();
+        data.resize(count);
+
+        for (size_t i = size; i < count; i++)
+            data[i].first = empty_key;
+    }
+
     std::vector<Item> data;
     size_t count;
     Key empty_key;
@@ -290,6 +381,7 @@ class DenseHashSet
 
 public:
     typedef typename Impl::const_iterator const_iterator;
+    typedef typename Impl::iterator iterator;
 
     DenseHashSet(const Key& empty_key, size_t buckets = 0)
         : impl(empty_key, buckets)
@@ -336,6 +428,16 @@ public:
     {
         return impl.end();
     }
+
+    iterator begin()
+    {
+        return impl.begin();
+    }
+
+    iterator end()
+    {
+        return impl.end();
+    }
 };
 
 // This is a faster alternative of unordered_map, but it does not implement the same interface (i.e. it does not support erasing and has
@@ -348,6 +450,7 @@ class DenseHashMap
 
 public:
     typedef typename Impl::const_iterator const_iterator;
+    typedef typename Impl::iterator iterator;
 
     DenseHashMap(const Key& empty_key, size_t buckets = 0)
         : impl(empty_key, buckets)
@@ -401,10 +504,21 @@ public:
     {
         return impl.begin();
     }
+
     const_iterator end() const
     {
         return impl.end();
     }
+
+    iterator begin()
+    {
+        return impl.begin();
+    }
+
+    iterator end()
+    {
+        return impl.end();
+    }
 };
 
 } // namespace Luau

Ast/include/Luau/Lexer.h

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     const Lexeme& next();
-    const Lexeme& next(bool skipComments);
+    const Lexeme& next(bool skipComments, bool updatePrevLocation);
     void nextline();
 
     Lexeme lookahead();

Ast/src/Lexer.cpp

@@ -349,13 +349,11 @@ void Lexer::setReadNames(bool read)
 
 const Lexeme& Lexer::next()
 {
-    return next(this->skipComments);
+    return next(this->skipComments, true);
 }
 
-const Lexeme& Lexer::next(bool skipComments)
+const Lexeme& Lexer::next(bool skipComments, bool updatePrevLocation)
 {
-    bool first = true;
-
     // in skipComments mode we reject valid comments
     do
     {
@@ -363,11 +361,11 @@ const Lexeme& Lexer::next(bool skipComments)
         while (isSpace(peekch()))
             consume();
 
-        if (!FFlag::LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkip || first)
+        if (!FFlag::LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkip || updatePrevLocation)
             prevLocation = lexeme.location;
 
         lexeme = readNext();
-        first = false;
+        updatePrevLocation = false;
     } while (skipComments && (lexeme.type == Lexeme::Comment || lexeme.type == Lexeme::BlockComment));
 
     return lexeme;

Ast/src/Parser.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauRecursionLimit, 1000)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauParseErrorLimit, 100)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauParseRecoverUnexpectedPack, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkipInCapture, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -2789,7 +2790,7 @@ void Parser::nextLexeme()
 {
     if (options.captureComments)
     {
-        Lexeme::Type type = lexer.next(/* skipComments= */ false).type;
+        Lexeme::Type type = lexer.next(/* skipComments= */ false, true).type;
 
         while (type == Lexeme::BrokenComment || type == Lexeme::Comment || type == Lexeme::BlockComment)
         {
@@ -2813,7 +2814,7 @@ void Parser::nextLexeme()
                 hotcomments.push_back({hotcommentHeader, lexeme.location, std::string(text + 1, text + end)});
             }
 
-            type = lexer.next(/* skipComments= */ false).type;
+            type = lexer.next(/* skipComments= */ false, !FFlag::LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkipInCapture).type;
         }
     }
     else

Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp

@@ -1386,8 +1386,8 @@ struct Compiler
 
         const Constant* cv = constants.find(expr->index);
 
-        if (cv && cv->type == Constant::Type_Number && double(int(cv->valueNumber)) == cv->valueNumber && cv->valueNumber >= 1 &&
+        if (cv && cv->type == Constant::Type_Number && cv->valueNumber >= 1 && cv->valueNumber <= 256 &&
-            cv->valueNumber <= 256)
+            double(int(cv->valueNumber)) == cv->valueNumber)
         {
             uint8_t rt = compileExprAuto(expr->expr, rs);
             uint8_t i = uint8_t(int(cv->valueNumber) - 1);

Compiler/src/CostModel.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#include "CostModel.h"
+
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
+#include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+namespace Compile
+{
+
+inline uint64_t parallelAddSat(uint64_t x, uint64_t y)
+{
+    uint64_t s = x + y;
+    uint64_t m = s & 0x8080808080808080ull; // saturation mask
+
+    return (s ^ m) | (m - (m >> 7));
+}
+
+struct Cost
+{
+    static const uint64_t kLiteral = ~0ull;
+
+    // cost model: 8 bytes, where first byte is the baseline cost, and the next 7 bytes are discounts for when variable #i is constant
+    uint64_t model;
+    // constant mask: 8-byte 0xff mask; equal to all ff's for literals, for variables only byte #i (1+) is set to align with model
+    uint64_t constant;
+
+    Cost(int cost = 0, uint64_t constant = 0)
+        : model(cost < 0x7f ? cost : 0x7f)
+        , constant(constant)
+    {
+    }
+
+    Cost operator+(const Cost& other) const
+    {
+        Cost result;
+        result.model = parallelAddSat(model, other.model);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    Cost& operator+=(const Cost& other)
+    {
+        model = parallelAddSat(model, other.model);
+        constant = 0;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    static Cost fold(const Cost& x, const Cost& y)
+    {
+        uint64_t newmodel = parallelAddSat(x.model, y.model);
+        uint64_t newconstant = x.constant & y.constant;
+
+        // the extra cost for folding is 1; the discount is 1 for the variable that is shared by x&y (or whichever one is used in x/y if the other is
+        // literal)
+        uint64_t extra = (newconstant == kLiteral) ? 0 : (1 | (0x0101010101010101ull & newconstant));
+
+        Cost result;
+        result.model = parallelAddSat(newmodel, extra);
+        result.constant = newconstant;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+struct CostVisitor : AstVisitor
+{
+    DenseHashMap<AstLocal*, uint64_t> vars;
+    Cost result;
+
+    CostVisitor()
+        : vars(nullptr)
+    {
+    }
+
+    Cost model(AstExpr* node)
+    {
+        if (AstExprGroup* expr = node->as<AstExprGroup>())
+        {
+            return model(expr->expr);
+        }
+        else if (node->is<AstExprConstantNil>() || node->is<AstExprConstantBool>() || node->is<AstExprConstantNumber>() ||
+                 node->is<AstExprConstantString>())
+        {
+            return Cost(0, Cost::kLiteral);
+        }
+        else if (AstExprLocal* expr = node->as<AstExprLocal>())
+        {
+            const uint64_t* i = vars.find(expr->local);
+
+            return Cost(0, i ? *i : 0); // locals typically don't require extra instructions to compute
+        }
+        else if (node->is<AstExprGlobal>())
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else if (node->is<AstExprVarargs>())
+        {
+            return 3;
+        }
+        else if (AstExprCall* expr = node->as<AstExprCall>())
+        {
+            Cost cost = 3;
+            cost += model(expr->func);
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < expr->args.size; ++i)
+            {
+                Cost ac = model(expr->args.data[i]);
+                // for constants/locals we still need to copy them to the argument list
+                cost += ac.model == 0 ? Cost(1) : ac;
+            }
+
+            return cost;
+        }
+        else if (AstExprIndexName* expr = node->as<AstExprIndexName>())
+        {
+            return model(expr->expr) + 1;
+        }
+        else if (AstExprIndexExpr* expr = node->as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
+        {
+            return model(expr->expr) + model(expr->index) + 1;
+        }
+        else if (AstExprFunction* expr = node->as<AstExprFunction>())
+        {
+            return 10; // high baseline cost due to allocation
+        }
+        else if (AstExprTable* expr = node->as<AstExprTable>())
+        {
+            Cost cost = 10; // high baseline cost due to allocation
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < expr->items.size; ++i)
+            {
+                const AstExprTable::Item& item = expr->items.data[i];
+
+                if (item.key)
+                    cost += model(item.key);
+
+                cost += model(item.value);
+                cost += 1;
+            }
+
+            return cost;
+        }
+        else if (AstExprUnary* expr = node->as<AstExprUnary>())
+        {
+            return Cost::fold(model(expr->expr), Cost(0, Cost::kLiteral));
+        }
+        else if (AstExprBinary* expr = node->as<AstExprBinary>())
+        {
+            return Cost::fold(model(expr->left), model(expr->right));
+        }
+        else if (AstExprTypeAssertion* expr = node->as<AstExprTypeAssertion>())
+        {
+            return model(expr->expr);
+        }
+        else if (AstExprIfElse* expr = node->as<AstExprIfElse>())
+        {
+            return model(expr->condition) + model(expr->trueExpr) + model(expr->falseExpr) + 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Unknown expression type");
+            return {};
+        }
+    }
+
+    void assign(AstExpr* expr)
+    {
+        // variable assignments reset variable mask, so that further uses of this variable aren't discounted
+        // this doesn't work perfectly with backwards control flow like loops, but is good enough for a single pass
+        if (AstExprLocal* lv = expr->as<AstExprLocal>())
+            if (uint64_t* i = vars.find(lv->local))
+                *i = 0;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(AstExpr* node) override
+    {
+        // note: we short-circuit the visitor traversal through any expression trees by returning false
+        // recursive traversal is happening inside model() which makes it easier to get the resulting value of the subexpression
+        result += model(node);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(AstStat* node) override
+    {
+        if (node->is<AstStatIf>())
+            result += 2;
+        else if (node->is<AstStatWhile>() || node->is<AstStatRepeat>() || node->is<AstStatFor>() || node->is<AstStatForIn>())
+            result += 2;
+        else if (node->is<AstStatBreak>() || node->is<AstStatContinue>())
+            result += 1;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(AstStatLocal* node) override
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < node->values.size; ++i)
+        {
+            Cost arg = model(node->values.data[i]);
+
+            // propagate constant mask from expression through variables
+            if (arg.constant && i < node->vars.size)
+                vars[node->vars.data[i]] = arg.constant;
+
+            result += arg;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(AstStatAssign* node) override
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < node->vars.size; ++i)
+            assign(node->vars.data[i]);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(AstStatCompoundAssign* node) override
+    {
+        assign(node->var);
+
+        // if lhs is not a local, setting it requires an extra table operation
+        result += node->var->is<AstExprLocal>() ? 1 : 2;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+uint64_t modelCost(AstNode* root, AstLocal* const* vars, size_t varCount)
+{
+    CostVisitor visitor;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < varCount && i < 7; ++i)
+        visitor.vars[vars[i]] = 0xffull << (i * 8 + 8);
+
+    root->visit(&visitor);
+
+    return visitor.result.model;
+}
+
+int computeCost(uint64_t model, const bool* varsConst, size_t varCount)
+{
+    int cost = int(model & 0x7f);
+
+    // don't apply discounts to what is likely a saturated sum
+    if (cost == 0x7f)
+        return cost;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < varCount && i < 7; ++i)
+        cost -= int((model >> (8 * i + 8)) & 0x7f) * varsConst[i];
+
+    return cost;
+}
+
+} // namespace Compile
+} // namespace Luau

Compiler/src/CostModel.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Luau/Ast.h"
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+namespace Compile
+{
+
+// cost model: 8 bytes, where first byte is the baseline cost, and the next 7 bytes are discounts for when variable #i is constant
+uint64_t modelCost(AstNode* root, AstLocal* const* vars, size_t varCount);
+
+// cost is computed as B - sum(Di * Ci), where B is baseline cost, Di is the discount for each variable and Ci is 1 when variable #i is constant
+int computeCost(uint64_t model, const bool* varsConst, size_t varCount);
+
+} // namespace Compile
+} // namespace Luau

Sources.cmake

@@ -32,11 +32,13 @@ target_sources(Luau.Compiler PRIVATE
     Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
     Compiler/src/Builtins.cpp
     Compiler/src/ConstantFolding.cpp
+    Compiler/src/CostModel.cpp
     Compiler/src/TableShape.cpp
     Compiler/src/ValueTracking.cpp
     Compiler/src/lcode.cpp
     Compiler/src/Builtins.h
     Compiler/src/ConstantFolding.h
+    Compiler/src/CostModel.h
     Compiler/src/TableShape.h
     Compiler/src/ValueTracking.h
 )
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.Analysis PRIVATE
     Analysis/include/Luau/LValue.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/ModuleResolver.h
+    Analysis/include/Luau/Normalize.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Predicate.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Quantify.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/RecursionCounter.h
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.Analysis PRIVATE
     Analysis/src/Linter.cpp
     Analysis/src/LValue.cpp
     Analysis/src/Module.cpp
+    Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp
     Analysis/src/Quantify.cpp
     Analysis/src/RequireTracer.cpp
     Analysis/src/Scope.cpp
@@ -216,6 +220,7 @@ if(TARGET Luau.UnitTest)
         tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
         tests/BuiltinDefinitions.test.cpp
         tests/Compiler.test.cpp
+        tests/CostModel.test.cpp
         tests/Config.test.cpp
         tests/Error.test.cpp
         tests/Frontend.test.cpp
@@ -224,6 +229,7 @@ if(TARGET Luau.UnitTest)
         tests/LValue.test.cpp
         tests/Module.test.cpp
         tests/NonstrictMode.test.cpp
+        tests/Normalize.test.cpp
         tests/Parser.test.cpp
         tests/RequireTracer.test.cpp
         tests/StringUtils.test.cpp

VM/src/ltable.cpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableRehashRework, false)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableNewBoundary, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableNewBoundary2, false)
 
 // max size of both array and hash part is 2^MAXBITS
 #define MAXBITS 26
@@ -390,6 +390,8 @@ static void resize(lua_State* L, Table* t, int nasize, int nhsize)
         setarrayvector(L, t, nasize);
     /* create new hash part with appropriate size */
     setnodevector(L, t, nhsize);
+    /* used for the migration check at the end */
+    LuaNode* nnew = t->node;
     if (nasize < oldasize)
     { /* array part must shrink? */
         t->sizearray = nasize;
@@ -413,6 +415,8 @@ static void resize(lua_State* L, Table* t, int nasize, int nhsize)
         /* shrink array */
         luaM_reallocarray(L, t->array, oldasize, nasize, TValue, t->memcat);
     }
+    /* used for the migration check at the end */
+    TValue* anew = t->array;
     /* re-insert elements from hash part */
     if (FFlag::LuauTableRehashRework)
     {
@@ -441,14 +445,30 @@ static void resize(lua_State* L, Table* t, int nasize, int nhsize)
         }
     }
 
+    /* make sure we haven't recursively rehashed during element migration */
+    LUAU_ASSERT(nnew == t->node);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(anew == t->array);
+
     if (nold != dummynode)
         luaM_freearray(L, nold, twoto(oldhsize), LuaNode, t->memcat); /* free old array */
 }
 
+static int adjustasize(Table* t, int size, const TValue* ek)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2);
+    bool tbound = t->node != dummynode || size < t->sizearray;
+    int ekindex = ek && ttisnumber(ek) ? arrayindex(nvalue(ek)) : -1;
+    /* move the array size up until the boundary is guaranteed to be inside the array part */
+    while (size + 1 == ekindex || (tbound && !ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, size + 1))))
+        size++;
+    return size;
+}
+
 void luaH_resizearray(lua_State* L, Table* t, int nasize)
 {
     int nsize = (t->node == dummynode) ? 0 : sizenode(t);
-    resize(L, t, nasize, nsize);
+    int asize = FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2 ? adjustasize(t, nasize, NULL) : nasize;
+    resize(L, t, asize, nsize);
 }
 
 void luaH_resizehash(lua_State* L, Table* t, int nhsize)
@@ -470,21 +490,12 @@ static void rehash(lua_State* L, Table* t, const TValue* ek)
     totaluse++;
     /* compute new size for array part */
     int na = computesizes(nums, &nasize);
+    int nh = totaluse - na;
     /* enforce the boundary invariant; for performance, only do hash lookups if we must */
-    if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary)
+    if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2)
-    {
+        nasize = adjustasize(t, nasize, ek);
-        bool tbound = t->node != dummynode || nasize < t->sizearray;
-        int ekindex = ttisnumber(ek) ? arrayindex(nvalue(ek)) : -1;
-        /* move the array size up until the boundary is guaranteed to be inside the array part */
-        while (nasize + 1 == ekindex || (tbound && !ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, nasize + 1))))
-        {
-            nasize++;
-            na++;
-        }
-    }
     /* resize the table to new computed sizes */
-    LUAU_ASSERT(na <= totaluse);
+    resize(L, t, nasize, nh);
-    resize(L, t, nasize, totaluse - na);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -544,7 +555,7 @@ static LuaNode* getfreepos(Table* t)
 static TValue* newkey(lua_State* L, Table* t, const TValue* key)
 {
     /* enforce boundary invariant */
-    if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary && ttisnumber(key) && nvalue(key) == t->sizearray + 1)
+    if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2 && ttisnumber(key) && nvalue(key) == t->sizearray + 1)
     {
         rehash(L, t, key); /* grow table */
 
@@ -735,7 +746,7 @@ TValue* luaH_setstr(lua_State* L, Table* t, TString* key)
 
 static LUAU_NOINLINE int unbound_search(Table* t, unsigned int j)
 {
-    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2);
     unsigned int i = j; /* i is zero or a present index */
     j++;
     /* find `i' and `j' such that i is present and j is not */
@@ -820,7 +831,7 @@ int luaH_getn(Table* t)
         maybesetaboundary(t, boundary);
         return boundary;
     }
-    else if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary)
+    else if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2)
     {
         /* validate boundary invariant */
         LUAU_ASSERT(t->node == dummynode || ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, j + 1)));

VM/src/ltablib.cpp

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ static int tmove(lua_State* L)
     int tt = !lua_isnoneornil(L, 5) ? 5 : 1; /* destination table */
     luaL_checktype(L, tt, LUA_TTABLE);
 
-    void (*telemetrycb)(lua_State* L, int f, int e, int t, int nf, int nt) = lua_table_move_telemetry;
+    void (*telemetrycb)(lua_State * L, int f, int e, int t, int nf, int nt) = lua_table_move_telemetry;
 
     if (DFFlag::LuauTableMoveTelemetry2 && telemetrycb && e >= f)
     {

VM/src/lvmexecute.cpp

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTableNewBoundary)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTableNewBoundary2)
 
 // Disable c99-designator to avoid the warning in CGOTO dispatch table
 #ifdef __clang__
@@ -2268,7 +2268,7 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                             VM_NEXT();
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary || (h->lsizenode == 0 && ttisnil(gval(h->node))))
+                    else if (FFlag::LuauTableNewBoundary2 || (h->lsizenode == 0 && ttisnil(gval(h->node))))
                     {
                         // fallthrough to exit
                         VM_NEXT();

tests/CostModel.test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#include "Luau/Parser.h"
+
+#include "doctest.h"
+
+using namespace Luau;
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+namespace Compile
+{
+
+uint64_t modelCost(AstNode* root, AstLocal* const* vars, size_t varCount);
+int computeCost(uint64_t model, const bool* varsConst, size_t varCount);
+
+} // namespace Compile
+} // namespace Luau
+
+TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("CostModel");
+
+static uint64_t modelFunction(const char* source)
+{
+    Allocator allocator;
+    AstNameTable names(allocator);
+
+    ParseResult result = Parser::parse(source, strlen(source), names, allocator);
+    REQUIRE(result.root != nullptr);
+
+    AstStatFunction* func = result.root->body.data[0]->as<AstStatFunction>();
+    REQUIRE(func);
+
+    return Luau::Compile::modelCost(func->func->body, func->func->args.data, func->func->args.size);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Expression")
+{
+    uint64_t model = modelFunction(R"(
+function test(a, b, c)
+    return a + (b + 1) * (b + 1) - c
+end
+)");
+
+    const bool args1[] = {false, false, false};
+    const bool args2[] = {false, true, false};
+
+    CHECK_EQ(5, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args1, 3));
+    CHECK_EQ(2, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args2, 3));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("PropagateVariable")
+{
+    uint64_t model = modelFunction(R"(
+function test(a)
+    local b = a * a * a
+    return b * b
+end
+)");
+
+    const bool args1[] = {false};
+    const bool args2[] = {true};
+
+    CHECK_EQ(3, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args1, 1));
+    CHECK_EQ(0, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args2, 1));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("LoopAssign")
+{
+    uint64_t model = modelFunction(R"(
+function test(a)
+    for i=1,3 do
+        a[i] = i
+    end
+end
+)");
+
+    const bool args1[] = {false};
+    const bool args2[] = {true};
+
+    // loop baseline cost is 2
+    CHECK_EQ(3, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args1, 1));
+    CHECK_EQ(3, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args2, 1));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MutableVariable")
+{
+    uint64_t model = modelFunction(R"(
+function test(a, b)
+    local x = a * a
+    x += b
+    return x * x
+end
+)");
+
+    const bool args1[] = {false};
+    const bool args2[] = {true};
+
+    CHECK_EQ(3, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args1, 1));
+    CHECK_EQ(2, Luau::Compile::computeCost(model, args2, 1));
+}
+
+TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/Fixture.cpp

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ ModulePtr Fixture::getMainModule()
 
 SourceModule* Fixture::getMainSourceModule()
 {
-    return frontend.getSourceModule(fromString("MainModule"));
+    return frontend.getSourceModule(fromString(mainModuleName));
 }
 
 std::optional<PrimitiveTypeVar::Type> Fixture::getPrimitiveType(TypeId ty)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Fixture::getType(const std::string& name)
 TypeId Fixture::requireType(const std::string& name)
 {
     std::optional<TypeId> ty = getType(name);
-    REQUIRE(bool(ty));
+    REQUIRE_MESSAGE(bool(ty), "Unable to requireType \"" << name << "\"");
     return follow(*ty);
 }
 

tests/JsonEncoder.test.cpp

@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ TEST_CASE("encode_tables")
     REQUIRE(parseResult.errors.size() == 0);
     std::string json = toJson(parseResult.root);
 
-    CHECK(json == R"({"type":"AstStatBlock","location":"0,0 - 6,4","body":[{"type":"AstStatLocal","location":"1,8 - 5,9","vars":[{"type":{"type":"AstTypeTable","location":"1,17 - 3,9","props":[{"name":"foo","location":"2,12 - 2,15","type":{"type":"AstTypeReference","location":"2,17 - 2,23","name":"number","parameters":[]}}],"indexer":false},"name":"x","location":"1,14 - 1,15"}],"values":[{"type":"AstExprTable","location":"3,12 - 5,9","items":[{"kind":"record","key":{"type":"AstExprConstantString","location":"4,12 - 4,15","value":"foo"},"value":{"type":"AstExprConstantNumber","location":"4,18 - 4,21","value":123}}]}]}]})");
+    CHECK(
+        json ==
+        R"({"type":"AstStatBlock","location":"0,0 - 6,4","body":[{"type":"AstStatLocal","location":"1,8 - 5,9","vars":[{"type":{"type":"AstTypeTable","location":"1,17 - 3,9","props":[{"name":"foo","location":"2,12 - 2,15","type":{"type":"AstTypeReference","location":"2,17 - 2,23","name":"number","parameters":[]}}],"indexer":false},"name":"x","location":"1,14 - 1,15"}],"values":[{"type":"AstExprTable","location":"3,12 - 5,9","items":[{"kind":"record","key":{"type":"AstExprConstantString","location":"4,12 - 4,15","value":"foo"},"value":{"type":"AstExprConstantNumber","location":"4,18 - 4,21","value":123}}]}]}]})");
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/Linter.test.cpp

@@ -597,8 +597,6 @@ return foo1
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "UnknownType")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauLintNoRobloxBits", true);
-
     unfreeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
     TableTypeVar::Props instanceProps{
         {"ClassName", {typeChecker.anyType}},
@@ -1439,6 +1437,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "DeprecatedApi")
 {
     unfreeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
     TypeId instanceType = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Instance", {}, std::nullopt, std::nullopt, {}, {}});
+    persist(instanceType);
     typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Instance"] = TypeFun{{}, instanceType};
 
     getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(instanceType)->props = {

tests/Module.test.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "Luau/Clone.h"
 #include "Luau/Module.h"
 #include "Luau/Scope.h"
+#include "Luau/RecursionCounter.h"
 
 #include "Fixture.h"
 
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("ModuleTests");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "is_within_comment")
@@ -42,29 +45,23 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "is_within_comment")
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "dont_clone_persistent_primitive")
 {
     TypeArena dest;
-
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     // numberType is persistent.  We leave it as-is.
-    TypeId newNumber = clone(typeChecker.numberType, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId newNumber = clone(typeChecker.numberType, dest, cloneState);
     CHECK_EQ(newNumber, typeChecker.numberType);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_non_persistent_primitive")
 {
     TypeArena dest;
-
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     // Create a new number type that isn't persistent
     unfreeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
     TypeId oldNumber = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(PrimitiveTypeVar{PrimitiveTypeVar::Number});
     freeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
-    TypeId newNumber = clone(oldNumber, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId newNumber = clone(oldNumber, dest, cloneState);
 
     CHECK_NE(newNumber, oldNumber);
     CHECK_EQ(*oldNumber, *newNumber);
@@ -90,12 +87,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_cyclic_table")
 
     TypeId counterType = requireType("Cyclic");
 
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
-    CloneState cloneState;
-
     TypeArena dest;
-    TypeId counterCopy = clone(counterType, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    CloneState cloneState;
+    TypeId counterCopy = clone(counterType, dest, cloneState);
 
     TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(counterCopy);
     REQUIRE(ttv != nullptr);
@@ -112,8 +106,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_cyclic_table")
     REQUIRE(methodReturnType);
 
     CHECK_EQ(methodReturnType, counterCopy);
-    CHECK_EQ(2, dest.typePacks.size()); // one for the function args, and another for its return type
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
-    CHECK_EQ(2, dest.typeVars.size());  // One table and one function
+        CHECK_EQ(3, dest.typePacks.size()); // function args, its return type, and the hidden any... pack
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(2, dest.typePacks.size()); // one for the function args, and another for its return type
+    CHECK_EQ(2, dest.typeVars.size());      // One table and one function
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "builtin_types_point_into_globalTypes_arena")
@@ -143,15 +140,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "builtin_types_point_into_globalTypes_arena")
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_union")
 {
     TypeArena dest;
-
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     unfreeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
     TypeId oldUnion = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(UnionTypeVar{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType}});
     freeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
-    TypeId newUnion = clone(oldUnion, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId newUnion = clone(oldUnion, dest, cloneState);
 
     CHECK_NE(newUnion, oldUnion);
     CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(newUnion));
@@ -161,15 +155,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_union")
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "deepClone_intersection")
 {
     TypeArena dest;
-
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
     unfreeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
     TypeId oldIntersection = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(IntersectionTypeVar{{typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType}});
     freeze(typeChecker.globalTypes);
-    TypeId newIntersection = clone(oldIntersection, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId newIntersection = clone(oldIntersection, dest, cloneState);
 
     CHECK_NE(newIntersection, oldIntersection);
     CHECK_EQ("number & string", toString(newIntersection));
@@ -191,12 +182,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_class")
         std::nullopt, &exampleMetaClass, {}, {}}};
 
     TypeArena dest;
-
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
-    TypeId cloned = clone(&exampleClass, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId cloned = clone(&exampleClass, dest, cloneState);
     const ClassTypeVar* ctv = get<ClassTypeVar>(cloned);
     REQUIRE(ctv != nullptr);
 
@@ -216,16 +204,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_sanitize_free_types")
     TypePackVar freeTp(FreeTypePack{TypeLevel{}});
 
     TypeArena dest;
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
-    TypeId clonedTy = clone(&freeTy, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId clonedTy = clone(&freeTy, dest, cloneState);
     CHECK_EQ("any", toString(clonedTy));
     CHECK(cloneState.encounteredFreeType);
 
     cloneState = {};
-    TypePackId clonedTp = clone(&freeTp, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypePackId clonedTp = clone(&freeTp, dest, cloneState);
     CHECK_EQ("...any", toString(clonedTp));
     CHECK(cloneState.encounteredFreeType);
 }
@@ -237,16 +223,32 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_seal_free_tables")
     ttv->state = TableState::Free;
 
     TypeArena dest;
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
-    TypeId cloned = clone(&tableTy, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState);
+    TypeId cloned = clone(&tableTy, dest, cloneState);
     const TableTypeVar* clonedTtv = get<TableTypeVar>(cloned);
     CHECK_EQ(clonedTtv->state, TableState::Sealed);
     CHECK(cloneState.encounteredFreeType);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_constrained_intersection")
+{
+    TypeArena src;
+
+    TypeId constrained = src.addType(ConstrainedTypeVar{TypeLevel{}, {getSingletonTypes().numberType, getSingletonTypes().stringType}});
+
+    TypeArena dest;
+    CloneState cloneState;
+
+    TypeId cloned = clone(constrained, dest, cloneState);
+    CHECK_NE(constrained, cloned);
+
+    const ConstrainedTypeVar* ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(cloned);
+    REQUIRE_EQ(2, ctv->parts.size());
+    CHECK_EQ(getSingletonTypes().numberType, ctv->parts[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(getSingletonTypes().stringType, ctv->parts[1]);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_self_property")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauAnyInIsOptionalIsOptional", true};
@@ -284,6 +286,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_recursion_limit")
     int limit = 400;
 #endif
     ScopedFastInt luauTypeCloneRecursionLimit{"LuauTypeCloneRecursionLimit", limit};
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauRecursionLimitException", true};
 
     TypeArena src;
 
@@ -299,11 +302,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "clone_recursion_limit")
     }
 
     TypeArena dest;
-    SeenTypes seenTypes;
-    SeenTypePacks seenTypePacks;
     CloneState cloneState;
 
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(clone(table, dest, seenTypes, seenTypePacks, cloneState), std::runtime_error);
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(clone(table, dest, cloneState), RecursionLimitException);
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/NonstrictMode.test.cpp

@@ -275,4 +275,38 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inconsistent_module_return_types_are_ok")
     REQUIRE_EQ("any", toString(getMainModule()->getModuleScope()->returnType));
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "returning_insufficient_return_values")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!nonstrict
+
+        function foo(): (boolean, string?)
+            if true then
+                return true, "hello"
+            else
+                return false
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "returning_too_many_values")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!nonstrict
+
+        function foo(): boolean
+            if true then
+                return true, "hello"
+            else
+                return false
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/Normalize.test.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+
+#include "Fixture.h"
+
+#include "doctest.h"
+
+#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
+#include "Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h"
+
+using namespace Luau;
+
+struct NormalizeFixture : Fixture
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff1{"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true};
+    ScopedFastFlag sff2{"LuauTableSubtypingVariance2", true};
+};
+
+void createSomeClasses(TypeChecker& typeChecker)
+{
+    auto& arena = typeChecker.globalTypes;
+
+    unfreeze(arena);
+
+    TypeId parentType = arena.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Parent", {}, std::nullopt, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
+
+    ClassTypeVar* parentClass = getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(parentType);
+    parentClass->props["method"] = {makeFunction(arena, parentType, {}, {})};
+
+    parentClass->props["virtual_method"] = {makeFunction(arena, parentType, {}, {})};
+
+    addGlobalBinding(typeChecker, "Parent", {parentType});
+    typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Parent"] = TypeFun{{}, parentType};
+
+    TypeId childType = arena.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Child", {}, parentType, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
+
+    ClassTypeVar* childClass = getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(childType);
+    childClass->props["virtual_method"] = {makeFunction(arena, childType, {}, {})};
+
+    addGlobalBinding(typeChecker, "Child", {childType});
+    typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Child"] = TypeFun{{}, childType};
+
+    TypeId unrelatedType = arena.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Unrelated", {}, std::nullopt, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
+
+    addGlobalBinding(typeChecker, "Unrelated", {unrelatedType});
+    typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Unrelated"] = TypeFun{{}, unrelatedType};
+
+    freeze(arena);
+}
+
+static bool isSubtype(TypeId a, TypeId b)
+{
+    InternalErrorReporter ice;
+    return isSubtype(a, b, ice);
+}
+
+TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("isSubtype");
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "primitives")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a = 41
+        local b = 32
+
+        local c = "hello"
+        local d = "world"
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(d, c));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, a));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "functions")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        function a(x: number): number return x end
+        function b(x: number): number return x end
+
+        function c(x: number?): number return x end
+        function d(x: number): number? return x end
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, d));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "functions_and_any")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        function a(n: number) return "string" end
+        function b(q: any) return 5 :: any end
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    // Intuition:
+    //    We cannot use b where a is required because we cannot rely on b to return a string.
+    //    We cannot use a where b is required because we cannot rely on a to accept non-number arguments.
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_functions_of_different_arities")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type A = (any) -> ()
+        type B = (any, any) -> ()
+        type T = A & B
+
+        local a: A
+        local b: B
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b)); // !!
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+
+    CHECK("((any) -> ()) & ((any, any) -> ())" == toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "functions_with_mismatching_arity")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: (number) -> ()
+        local b: () -> ()
+
+        local c: () -> number
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, a));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, b));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, c));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, c));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "functions_with_mismatching_arity_but_optional_parameters")
+{
+    /*
+     * (T0..TN) <: (T0..TN, A?)
+     * (T0..TN) <: (T0..TN, any)
+     * (T0..TN, A?) </: (T0..TN)            We don't technically need to spell this out, but it's quite important.
+     * T <: T
+     * if A <: B and B <: C then A <: C
+     * T -> R <: U -> S if U <: T and R <: S
+     * A | B <: T if A <: T and B <: T
+     * T <: A | B if T <: A or T <: B
+     */
+    check(R"(
+        local a: (number?) -> ()
+        local b: (number) -> ()
+        local c: (number, number?) -> ()
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+
+    /*
+     * (number) -> () </: (number?) -> ()
+     *      because number? </: number (because number <: number, but nil </: number)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+
+    /*
+     * (number, number?) </: (number?) -> ()
+     *      because number? </: number (as above)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, a));
+
+    /*
+     * (number?) -> () <: (number) -> ()
+     *      because number <: number? (because number <: number)
+     */
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    /*
+     * (number, number?) -> () <: (number) -> (number)
+     *      The packs have inequal lengths, but (number) <: (number, number?)
+     *      and number <: number
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, b));
+
+    /*
+     * (number?) -> () </: (number, number?) -> ()
+     *      because (number, number?) </: (number)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    /*
+     * (number) -> () </: (number, number?) -> ()
+     *      because (number, number?) </: (number)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, c));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "functions_with_mismatching_arity_but_any_is_an_optional_param")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: (number?) -> ()
+        local b: (number) -> ()
+        local c: (number, any) -> ()
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+
+    /*
+     * (number) -> () </: (number?) -> ()
+     *      because number? </: number (because number <: number, but nil </: number)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+
+    /*
+     * (number, any) </: (number?) -> ()
+     *      because number? </: number (as above)
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, a));
+
+    /*
+     * (number?) -> () <: (number) -> ()
+     *      because number <: number? (because number <: number)
+     */
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    /*
+     * (number, any) -> () </: (number) -> (number)
+     *      The packs have inequal lengths
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, b));
+
+    /*
+     * (number?) -> () </: (number, any) -> ()
+     *      The packs have inequal lengths
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    /*
+     * (number) -> () </: (number, any) -> ()
+     *      The packs have inequal lengths
+     */
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, c));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "variadic_functions_with_no_head")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: (...number) -> ()
+        local b: (...number?) -> ()
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+}
+
+#if 0
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "variadic_function_with_head")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: (...number) -> ()
+        local b: (number, number) -> ()
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "union")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: number | string
+        local b: number
+        local c: string
+        local d: number?
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, d));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, d));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, b));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "table_with_union_prop")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: {x: number}
+        local b: {x: number?}
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "table_with_any_prop")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: {x: number}
+        local b: {x: any}
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: number & string
+        local b: number
+        local c: string
+        local d: number & nil
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, d));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "union_and_intersection")
+{
+    check(R"(
+            local a: number & string
+            local b: number | nil
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "table_with_table_prop")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = {x: {y: number}} & {x: {y: string}}
+        local a: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("{| x: {| y: number & string |} |}", toString(requireType("a")));
+}
+
+#if 0
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "tables")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: {x: number}
+        local b: {x: any}
+        local c: {y: number}
+        local d: {x: number, y: number}
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(d, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, d));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(d, b));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, d));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "table_indexers_are_invariant")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: {[string]: number}
+        local b: {[string]: any}
+        local c: {[string]: number}
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, c));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "mismatched_indexers")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local a: {x: number}
+        local b: {[string]: number}
+        local c: {}
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(c, b));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, c));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "cyclic_table")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type A = {method: (A) -> ()}
+        local a: A
+
+        type B = {method: (any) -> ()}
+        local b: B
+
+        type C = {method: (C) -> ()}
+        local c: C
+
+        type D = {method: (D) -> (), another: (D) -> ()}
+        local d: D
+
+        type E = {method: (A) -> (), another: (E) -> ()}
+        local e: E
+    )");
+
+    TypeId a = requireType("a");
+    TypeId b = requireType("b");
+    TypeId c = requireType("c");
+    TypeId d = requireType("d");
+    TypeId e = requireType("e");
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(b, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, b));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(c, a));
+    CHECK(isSubtype(a, c));
+
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(d, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, d));
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(e, a));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(a, e));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "classes")
+{
+    createSomeClasses(typeChecker);
+
+    TypeId p = typeChecker.globalScope->lookupType("Parent")->type;
+    TypeId c = typeChecker.globalScope->lookupType("Child")->type;
+    TypeId u = typeChecker.globalScope->lookupType("Unrelated")->type;
+
+    CHECK(isSubtype(c, p));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(p, c));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(u, p));
+    CHECK(!isSubtype(p, u));
+}
+
+#if 0
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "metatable" * doctest::expected_failures{1})
+{
+     check(R"(
+        local T = {}
+        T.__index = T
+        function T.new()
+            return setmetatable({}, T)
+        end
+
+        function T:method() end
+
+        local a: typeof(T.new)
+        local b: {method: (any) -> ()}
+     )");
+
+     TypeId a = requireType("a");
+     TypeId b = requireType("b");
+
+     CHECK(isSubtype(a, b));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_tables")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = {x: number} & ({x: number} & {y: string?})
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK("{| x: number, y: string? |}" == toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_SUITE_END();
+
+TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("Normalize");
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_disjoint_tables")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = {a: number} & {b: number}
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("{| a: number, b: number |}", toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_overlapping_tables")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = {a: number, b: string} & {b: number, c: string}
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("{| a: number, b: number & string, c: string |}", toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_confluent_overlapping_tables")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = {a: number, b: string} & {b: string, c: string}
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("{| a: number, b: string, c: string |}", toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "union_with_overlapping_field_that_has_a_subtype_relationship")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        local t: {x: number} | {x: number?}
+    )");
+
+    ModulePtr tempModule{new Module};
+
+    // HACK: Normalization is an in-place operation.  We need to cheat a little here and unfreeze
+    // the arena that the type lives in.
+    ModulePtr mainModule = getMainModule();
+    unfreeze(mainModule->internalTypes);
+
+    TypeId tType = requireType("t");
+    normalize(tType, tempModule, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
+
+    CHECK_EQ("{| x: number? |}", toString(tType, {true}));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NormalizeFixture, "intersection_of_functions")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        type T = ((any) -> string) & ((number) -> string)
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("(any) -> string", toString(requireType("t")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "normalize_module_return_type")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    check(R"(
+        --!nonstrict
+
+        if Math.random() then
+            return function(initialState, handlers)
+                return function(state, action)
+                    return state
+                end
+            end
+        else
+            return function(initialState, handlers)
+                return function(state, action)
+                    return state
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("(any, any) -> (...any)", toString(getMainModule()->getModuleScope()->returnType));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "return_type_is_not_a_constrained_intersection")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        function foo(x:number, y:number)
+            return x + y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("(number, number) -> number", toString(requireType("foo")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "higher_order_function")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        function apply(f, x)
+            return f(x)
+        end
+
+        local a = apply(function(x: number) return x + x end, 5)
+    )");
+
+    TypeId aType = requireType("a");
+    CHECK_MESSAGE(isNumber(follow(aType)), "Expected a number but got ", toString(aType));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "higher_order_function_with_annotation")
+{
+    check(R"(
+        function apply<a, b>(f: (a) -> b, x)
+            return f(x)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("<a, b>((a) -> b, a) -> b", toString(requireType("apply")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cyclic_table_is_marked_normal")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    check(R"(
+        type Fiber = {
+            return_: Fiber?
+        }
+
+        local f: Fiber
+    )");
+
+    TypeId t = requireType("f");
+    CHECK(t->normal);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "variadic_tail_is_marked_normal")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        type Weirdo = (...{x: number}) -> ()
+
+        local w: Weirdo
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId t = requireType("w");
+    auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(t);
+    REQUIRE(ftv);
+
+    auto [argHead, argTail] = flatten(ftv->argTypes);
+    CHECK(argHead.empty());
+    REQUIRE(argTail.has_value());
+
+    auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*argTail);
+    REQUIRE(vtp);
+    CHECK(vtp->ty->normal);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cyclic_table_normalizes_sensibly")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local Cyclic = {}
+        function Cyclic.get()
+            return Cyclic
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId ty = requireType("Cyclic");
+    CHECK_EQ("t1 where t1 = { get: () -> t1 }", toString(ty, {true}));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "union_of_distinct_free_types")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function fussy(a, b)
+            if math.random() > 0.5 then
+                return a
+            else
+                return b
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    CHECK("<a, b>(a, b) -> a | b" == toString(requireType("fussy")));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "constrained_intersection_of_intersections")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local f : (() -> number) | ((number) -> number)
+        local g : (() -> number) | ((string) -> number)
+
+        function h()
+            if math.random() then
+                return f
+            else
+                return g
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId h = requireType("h");
+
+    CHECK("() -> (() -> number) | ((number) -> number) | ((string) -> number)" == toString(h));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_inside_a_table_inside_another_intersection")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        type X = {}
+        type Y = {y: number}
+        type Z = {z: string}
+        type W = {w: boolean}
+        type T = {x: Y & X} & {x:Z & W}
+
+        local x: X
+        local y: Y
+        local z: Z
+        local w: W
+        local t: T
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    CHECK("{|  |}" == toString(requireType("x"), {true}));
+    CHECK("{| y: number |}" == toString(requireType("y"), {true}));
+    CHECK("{| z: string |}" == toString(requireType("z"), {true}));
+    CHECK("{| w: boolean |}" == toString(requireType("w"), {true}));
+    CHECK("{| x: {| w: boolean, y: number, z: string |} |}" == toString(requireType("t"), {true}));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_inside_a_table_inside_another_intersection_2")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    // We use a function and inferred parameter types to prevent intermediate normalizations from being performed.
+    // This exposes a bug where the type of y is mutated.
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function strange(w, x, y, z)
+            y.y = 5
+            z.z = "five"
+            w.w = true
+
+            type Z = {x: typeof(x) & typeof(y)} & {x: typeof(w) & typeof(z)}
+
+            return ((nil :: any) :: Z)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId t = requireType("strange");
+    auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(t);
+    REQUIRE(ftv != nullptr);
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> args = flatten(ftv->argTypes).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(4 == args.size());
+    CHECK("{+ w: boolean +}" == toString(args[0]));
+    CHECK("a" == toString(args[1]));
+    CHECK("{+ y: number +}" == toString(args[2]));
+    CHECK("{+ z: string +}" == toString(args[3]));
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> ret = flatten(ftv->retType).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(1 == ret.size());
+    CHECK("{| x: a & {- w: boolean, y: number, z: string -} |}" == toString(ret[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_inside_a_table_inside_another_intersection_3")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    // We use a function and inferred parameter types to prevent intermediate normalizations from being performed.
+    // This exposes a bug where the type of y is mutated.
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function strange(x, y, z)
+            x.x = true
+            y.y = y
+            z.z = "five"
+
+            type Z = {x: typeof(y)} & {x: typeof(x) & typeof(z)}
+
+            return ((nil :: any) :: Z)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId t = requireType("strange");
+    auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(t);
+    REQUIRE(ftv != nullptr);
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> args = flatten(ftv->argTypes).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(3 == args.size());
+    CHECK("{+ x: boolean +}" == toString(args[0]));
+    CHECK("t1 where t1 = {+ y: t1 +}" == toString(args[1]));
+    CHECK("{+ z: string +}" == toString(args[2]));
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> ret = flatten(ftv->retType).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(1 == ret.size());
+    CHECK("{| x: {- x: boolean, y: t1, z: string -} |} where t1 = {+ y: t1 +}" == toString(ret[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_inside_a_table_inside_another_intersection_4")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    // We use a function and inferred parameter types to prevent intermediate normalizations from being performed.
+    // This exposes a bug where the type of y is mutated.
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function strange(x, y, z)
+            x.x = true
+            z.z = "five"
+
+            type R = {x: typeof(y)} & {x: typeof(x) & typeof(z)}
+            local r: R
+
+            y.y = r
+
+            return r
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    TypeId t = requireType("strange");
+    auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(t);
+    REQUIRE(ftv != nullptr);
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> args = flatten(ftv->argTypes).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(3 == args.size());
+    CHECK("{+ x: boolean +}" == toString(args[0]));
+    CHECK("{+ y: t1 +} where t1 = {| x: {- x: boolean, y: t1, z: string -} |}" == toString(args[1]));
+    CHECK("{+ z: string +}" == toString(args[2]));
+
+    std::vector<TypeId> ret = flatten(ftv->retType).first;
+
+    REQUIRE(1 == ret.size());
+    CHECK("t1 where t1 = {| x: {- x: boolean, y: t1, z: string -} |}" == toString(ret[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "nested_table_normalization_with_non_table__no_ice")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+        {"LuauNormalizeCombineTableFix", true},
+    };
+    // CLI-52787
+    // ends up combining {_:any} with any, recursively
+    // which used to ICE because this combines a table with a non-table.
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        export type t0 = any & { _: {_:any} } & { _:any }
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "fuzz_failure_instersection_combine_must_follow")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+        {"LuauNormalizeCombineIntersectionFix", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        export type t0 = {_:{_:any} & {_:any|string}} & {_:{_:{}}}
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/Parser.test.cpp

@@ -1618,6 +1618,26 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "end_extent_doesnt_consume_comments")
     CHECK_EQ((Position{1, 23}), block->body.data[0]->location.end);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "end_extent_doesnt_consume_comments_even_with_capture")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag luauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkip{"LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkip", true};
+    ScopedFastFlag luauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkipInCapture{"LuauParseLocationIgnoreCommentSkipInCapture", true};
+
+    // Same should hold when comments are captured
+    ParseOptions opts;
+    opts.captureComments = true;
+
+    AstStatBlock* block = parse(R"(
+        type F = number
+        --comment
+        print('hello')
+    )",
+        opts);
+
+    REQUIRE_EQ(2, block->body.size);
+    CHECK_EQ((Position{1, 23}), block->body.data[0]->location.end);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parse_error_loop_control")
 {
     matchParseError("break", "break statement must be inside a loop");

tests/ToDot.test.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 #include "doctest.h"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+
 using namespace Luau;
 
 struct ToDotClassFixture : Fixture
@@ -101,9 +103,34 @@ local function f(a, ...: string) return a end
 )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
+    CHECK_EQ("<a>(a, ...string) -> a", toString(requireType("f")));
+
     ToDotOptions opts;
     opts.showPointers = false;
-    CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
+n1 [label="FunctionTypeVar 1"];
+n1 -> n2 [label="arg"];
+n2 [label="TypePack 2"];
+n2 -> n3;
+n3 [label="GenericTypeVar 3"];
+n2 -> n4 [label="tail"];
+n4 [label="VariadicTypePack 4"];
+n4 -> n5;
+n5 [label="string"];
+n1 -> n6 [label="ret"];
+n6 [label="TypePack 6"];
+n6 -> n7;
+n7 [label="BoundTypeVar 7"];
+n7 -> n3;
+})",
+            toDot(requireType("f"), opts));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
 n1 [label="FunctionTypeVar 1"];
 n1 -> n2 [label="arg"];
 n2 [label="TypePack 2"];
@@ -119,7 +146,8 @@ n6 -> n7;
 n7 [label="TypePack 7"];
 n7 -> n3;
 })",
-        toDot(requireType("f"), opts));
+            toDot(requireType("f"), opts));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "union")
@@ -361,4 +389,49 @@ n3 [label="number"];
         toDot(*ty, opts));
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "constrained")
+{
+    // ConstrainedTypeVars never appear in the final type graph, so we have to create one directly
+    // to dotify it.
+    TypeVar t{ConstrainedTypeVar{TypeLevel{}, {typeChecker.numberType, typeChecker.stringType, typeChecker.nilType}}};
+
+    ToDotOptions opts;
+    opts.showPointers = false;
+
+    CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
+n1 [label="ConstrainedTypeVar 1"];
+n1 -> n2;
+n2 [label="number"];
+n1 -> n3;
+n3 [label="string"];
+n1 -> n4;
+n4 [label="nil"];
+})",
+        toDot(&t, opts));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "singletontypes")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local x: "hi" | "\"hello\"" | true | false
+    )");
+
+    ToDotOptions opts;
+    opts.showPointers = false;
+
+    CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
+n1 [label="UnionTypeVar 1"];
+n1 -> n2;
+n2 [label="SingletonTypeVar string: hi"];
+n1 -> n3;
+)"
+"n3 [label=\"SingletonTypeVar string: \\\"hello\\\"\"];"
+R"(
+n1 -> n4;
+n4 [label="SingletonTypeVar boolean: true"];
+n1 -> n5;
+n5 [label="SingletonTypeVar boolean: false"];
+})", toDot(requireType("x"), opts));
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/ToString.test.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauRecursiveTypeParameterRestriction);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("ToString");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "primitive")

tests/TopoSort.test.cpp

@@ -340,26 +340,28 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "nested_type_annotations_depends_on_later_typealiases
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "return_comes_last")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+    AstStatBlock* program = parse(R"(
-export type Module = { bar: (number) -> boolean, foo: () -> string }
+        local module = {}
 
-return function() : Module
+        local function confuseCompiler() return module.foo() end
-    local module = {}
 
-    local function confuseCompiler() return module.foo() end
+        module.foo = function() return "" end
-    
-    module.foo = function() return "" end
 
-    function module.bar(x:number)
+        function module.bar(x:number)
-        confuseCompiler()
+            confuseCompiler()
-        return true
+            return true
-    end
+        end
-    
+
-    return module
+        return module
-end
     )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    auto sorted = toposort(*program);
+
+    CHECK_EQ(sorted[0], program->body.data[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(sorted[2], program->body.data[1]);
+    CHECK_EQ(sorted[1], program->body.data[2]);
+    CHECK_EQ(sorted[3], program->body.data[3]);
+    CHECK_EQ(sorted[4], program->body.data[4]);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "break_comes_last")

tests/Transpiler.test.cpp

@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_lists_should_be_emitted_correctly")
 
     std::string actual = decorateWithTypes(code);
 
-    CHECK_EQ(expected, decorateWithTypes(code));
+    CHECK_EQ(expected, actual);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "function_type_location")

tests/TypeInfer.annotations.test.cpp

@@ -753,4 +753,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "occurs_check_on_cyclic_intersection_typevar")
     REQUIRE(ocf);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "instantiation_clone_has_to_follow")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        export type t8<t8> = (t0)&(<t0...>((true)|(any))->"")
+        export type t0<t0> = ({})&({_:{[any]:number},})
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("BuiltinTests");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "math_things_are_defined")
@@ -557,9 +559,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "xpcall")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    REQUIRE_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("a")));
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("a")));
-    REQUIRE_EQ("number", toString(requireType("b")));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireType("b")));
-    REQUIRE_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("c")));
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("c")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "see_thru_select")
@@ -881,7 +883,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "assert_removes_falsy_types")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    CHECK_EQ("((boolean | number)?) -> boolean | number", toString(requireType("f")));
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ("((boolean | number)?) -> number | true", toString(requireType("f")));
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ("((boolean | number)?) -> boolean | number", toString(requireType("f")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "assert_removes_falsy_types2")

tests/TypeInfer.classes.test.cpp

@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ struct ClassFixture : Fixture
         typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Vector2"] = TypeFun{{}, vector2InstanceType};
         addGlobalBinding(typeChecker, "Vector2", vector2Type, "@test");
 
+        for (const auto& [name, tf] : typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings)
+            persist(tf.type);
+
         freeze(arena);
     }
 };

tests/TypeInfer.functions.test.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("TypeInferFunctions");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "tc_function")
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "vararg_function_is_quantified")
             end
 
             return result
-         end
+        end
 
         return T
     )");
@@ -274,6 +276,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cyclic_function_type_in_rets")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cyclic_function_type_in_args")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
         function f(g)
             return f(f)
@@ -281,7 +287,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cyclic_function_type_in_args")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    CHECK_EQ("t1 where t1 = (t1) -> ()", toString(requireType("f")));
+    CHECK_EQ("t1 where t1 = <a...>(t1) -> (a...)", toString(requireType("f")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "another_higher_order_function")
@@ -481,10 +487,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_higher_order_function")
 
     std::vector<TypeId> fArgs = flatten(fType->argTypes).first;
 
-    TypeId xType = argVec[1];
+    TypeId xType = follow(argVec[1]);
 
     CHECK_EQ(1, fArgs.size());
-    CHECK_EQ(xType, fArgs[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(xType, follow(fArgs[0]));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "higher_order_function_2")
@@ -1043,13 +1049,16 @@ f(function(x) return x * 2 end)
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
     CHECK_EQ("Type 'number' could not be converted into 'Table'", toString(result.errors[0]));
 
-    // Return type doesn't inference 'nil'
+    if (!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
-    result = check(R"(
+    {
-function f(a: (number) -> nil) return a(4) end
+        // Return type doesn't inference 'nil'
-f(function(x) print(x) end)
+        result = check(R"(
-    )");
+            function f(a: (number) -> nil) return a(4) end
+            f(function(x) print(x) end)
+        )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_anonymous_function_arguments")
@@ -1142,13 +1151,16 @@ f(function(x) return x * 2 end)
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
     CHECK_EQ("Type 'number' could not be converted into 'Table'", toString(result.errors[0]));
 
-    // Return type doesn't inference 'nil'
+    if (!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
-    result = check(R"(
+    {
-function f(a: (number) -> nil) return a(4) end
+        // Return type doesn't inference 'nil'
-f(function(x) print(x) end)
+        result = check(R"(
-    )");
+            function f(a: (number) -> nil) return a(4) end
+            f(function(x) print(x) end)
+        )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_anonymous_function_arguments_outside_call")
@@ -1338,6 +1350,126 @@ end
     CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]), R"(Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number')");
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inconsistent_return_types")
+{
+    const ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function foo(a: boolean, b: number)
+            if a then
+                return nil
+            else
+                return b
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    CHECK_EQ("(boolean, number) -> number?", toString(requireType("foo")));
+
+    // TODO: Test multiple returns
+    // Think of various cases where typepacks need to grow.  maybe consult other tests
+    // Basic normalization of ConstrainedTypeVars during quantification
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inconsistent_higher_order_function")
+{
+    const ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function foo(f)
+            f(5)
+            f("six")
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    CHECK_EQ("<a...>((number | string) -> (a...)) -> ()", toString(requireType("foo")));
+}
+
+
+/* The bug here is that we are using the same level 2.0 for both the body of resolveDispatcher and the
+ * lambda useCallback.
+ *
+ * I think what we want to do is, at each scope level, never reuse the same sublevel.
+ *
+ * We also adjust checkBlock to consider the syntax `local x = function() ... end` to be sortable
+ * in the same way as `local function x() ... end`.  This causes the function `resolveDispatcher` to be
+ * checked before the lambda.
+ */
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inferred_higher_order_functions_are_quantified_at_the_right_time")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!strict
+
+        local function resolveDispatcher()
+            return (nil :: any) :: {useCallback: (any) -> any}
+        end
+
+        local useCallback = function(deps: any)
+            return resolveDispatcher().useCallback(deps)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    // LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS is particularly unhelpful when this test is broken.
+    // You get a TypeMismatch error where both types stringify the same.
+
+    CHECK(result.errors.empty());
+    if (!result.errors.empty())
+    {
+        for (const auto& e : result.errors)
+            printf("%s: %s\n", toString(e.location).c_str(), toString(e).c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inferred_higher_order_functions_are_quantified_at_the_right_time2")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!strict
+
+        local function resolveDispatcher()
+            return (nil :: any) :: {useContext: (number?) -> any}
+        end
+
+        local useContext
+        useContext = function(unstable_observedBits: number?)
+            resolveDispatcher().useContext(unstable_observedBits)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    // LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS is particularly unhelpful when this test is broken.
+    // You get a TypeMismatch error where both types stringify the same.
+
+    CHECK(result.errors.empty());
+    if (!result.errors.empty())
+    {
+        for (const auto& e : result.errors)
+            printf("%s %s: %s\n", e.moduleName.c_str(), toString(e.location).c_str(), toString(e).c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inferred_higher_order_functions_are_quantified_at_the_right_time3")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local foo
+
+        foo():bar(function()
+            return foo()
+        end)
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "function_decl_non_self_unsealed_overwrite")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag statFunctionSimplify{"LuauStatFunctionSimplify4", true};
@@ -1471,4 +1603,17 @@ pcall(wrapper, test)
     CHECK(acm->isVariadic);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "occurs_check_failure_in_function_return_type")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function f()
+            return 5, f()
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+
+    CHECK(nullptr != get<OccursCheckFailed>(result.errors[0]));
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/TypeInfer.generics.test.cpp

@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_generic_function")
 
     CHECK_EQ(idFun->generics.size(), 1);
     CHECK_EQ(idFun->genericPacks.size(), 0);
-    CHECK_EQ(args[0], idFun->generics[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(follow(args[0]), follow(idFun->generics[0]));
-    CHECK_EQ(rets[0], idFun->generics[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(follow(rets[0]), follow(idFun->generics[0]));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_generic_local_function")
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_generic_local_function")
 
     CHECK_EQ(idFun->generics.size(), 1);
     CHECK_EQ(idFun->genericPacks.size(), 0);
-    CHECK_EQ(args[0], idFun->generics[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(follow(args[0]), follow(idFun->generics[0]));
-    CHECK_EQ(rets[0], idFun->generics[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(follow(rets[0]), follow(idFun->generics[0]));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_nested_generic_function")
@@ -705,10 +705,10 @@ end
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "generic_functions_should_be_memory_safe")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag sffs[] = {
-        { "LuauTableSubtypingVariance2", true },
+        {"LuauTableSubtypingVariance2", true},
-        { "LuauUnsealedTableLiteral", true },
+        {"LuauUnsealedTableLiteral", true},
-        { "LuauPropertiesGetExpectedType", true },
+        {"LuauPropertiesGetExpectedType", true},
-        { "LuauRecursiveTypeParameterRestriction", true },
+        {"LuauRecursiveTypeParameterRestriction", true},
     };
 
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
@@ -843,6 +843,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "generic_function")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
+    CHECK_EQ("<a>(a) -> a", toString(requireType("id")));
     CHECK_EQ(*typeChecker.numberType, *requireType("a"));
     CHECK_EQ(*typeChecker.nilType, *requireType("b"));
 }
@@ -1037,25 +1038,39 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_generic_function_function_argument")
     ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauUnsealedTableLiteral", true};
 
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
-local function sum<a>(x: a, y: a, f: (a, a) -> a) return f(x, y) end
+        local function sum<a>(x: a, y: a, f: (a, a) -> a)
-return sum(2, 3, function(a, b) return a + b end)
+            return f(x, y)
+        end
+        return sum(2, 3, function(a, b) return a + b end)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
     result = check(R"(
-local function map<a, b>(arr: {a}, f: (a) -> b) local r = {} for i,v in ipairs(arr) do table.insert(r, f(v)) end return r end
+        local function map<a, b>(arr: {a}, f: (a) -> b)
-local a = {1, 2, 3}
+            local r = {}
-local r = map(a, function(a) return a + a > 100 end)
+            for i,v in ipairs(arr) do
+                table.insert(r, f(v))
+            end
+            return r
+        end
+        local a = {1, 2, 3}
+        local r = map(a, function(a) return a + a > 100 end)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
     REQUIRE_EQ("{boolean}", toString(requireType("r")));
 
     check(R"(
-local function foldl<a, b>(arr: {a}, init: b, f: (b, a) -> b) local r = init for i,v in ipairs(arr) do r = f(r, v) end return r end
+        local function foldl<a, b>(arr: {a}, init: b, f: (b, a) -> b)
-local a = {1, 2, 3}
+            local r = init
-local r = foldl(a, {s=0,c=0}, function(a, b) return {s = a.s + b, c = a.c + 1} end)
+            for i,v in ipairs(arr) do
+                r = f(r, v)
+            end
+            return r
+        end
+        local a = {1, 2, 3}
+        local r = foldl(a, {s=0,c=0}, function(a, b) return {s = a.s + b, c = a.c + 1} end)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
@@ -1065,25 +1080,19 @@ local r = foldl(a, {s=0,c=0}, function(a, b) return {s = a.s + b, c = a.c + 1} e
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_generic_function_function_argument_overloaded")
 {
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
-local function g1<T>(a: T, f: (T) -> T) return f(a) end
+        local g12: (<T>(T, (T) -> T) -> T) & (<T>(T, T, (T, T) -> T) -> T)
-local function g2<T>(a: T, b: T, f: (T, T) -> T) return f(a, b) end
 
-local g12: typeof(g1) & typeof(g2)
+        g12(1, function(x) return x + x end)
-
+        g12(1, 2, function(x, y) return x + y end)
-g12(1, function(x) return x + x end)
-g12(1, 2, function(x, y) return x + y end)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
     result = check(R"(
-local function g1<T>(a: T, f: (T) -> T) return f(a) end
+        local g12: (<T>(T, (T) -> T) -> T) & (<T>(T, T, (T, T) -> T) -> T)
-local function g2<T>(a: T, b: T, f: (T, T) -> T) return f(a, b) end
 
-local g12: typeof(g1) & typeof(g2)
+        g12({x=1}, function(x) return {x=-x.x} end)
-
+        g12({x=1}, {x=2}, function(x, y) return {x=x.x + y.x} end)
-g12({x=1}, function(x) return {x=-x.x} end)
-g12({x=1}, {x=2}, function(x, y) return {x=x.x + y.x} end)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
@@ -1121,12 +1130,12 @@ local c = sumrec(function(x, y, f) return f(x, y) end) -- type binders are not i
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "substitution_with_bound_table")
 {
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
-type A = { x: number }
+        type A = { x: number }
-local a: A = { x = 1 }
+        local a: A = { x = 1 }
-local b = a
+        local b = a
-type B = typeof(b)
+        type B = typeof(b)
-type X<T> = T
+        type X<T> = T
-local c: X<B>
+        local c: X<B>
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);

tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("IntersectionTypes");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "select_correct_union_fn")
@@ -306,7 +308,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_intersection_write_sealed")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table 'X & Y'");
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table '{| x: number, y: number |}'");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table 'X & Y'");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_intersection_write_sealed_indirect")
@@ -314,27 +319,34 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_intersection_write_sealed_indirect")
     ScopedFastFlag statFunctionSimplify{"LuauStatFunctionSimplify4", true};
 
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
-    type X = { x: (number) -> number }
+        type X = { x: (number) -> number }
-    type Y = { y: (string) -> string }
+        type Y = { y: (string) -> string }
 
-    type XY = X & Y
+        type XY = X & Y
 
-    local xy : XY = {
+        local xy : XY = {
-        x = function(a: number) return -a end,
+            x = function(a: number) return -a end,
-        y = function(a: string) return a .. "b" end
+            y = function(a: string) return a .. "b" end
-    }
+        }
-    function xy.z(a:number) return a * 10 end
+        function xy.z(a:number) return a * 10 end
-    function xy:y(a:number) return a * 10 end
+        function xy:y(a:number) return a * 10 end
-    function xy:w(a:number) return a * 10 end
+        function xy:w(a:number) return a * 10 end
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(4, result);
     CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type '(string, number) -> string' could not be converted into '(string) -> string'
 caused by:
   Argument count mismatch. Function expects 2 arguments, but only 1 is specified)");
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table 'X & Y'");
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table '{| x: (number) -> number, y: (string) -> string |}'");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]), "Cannot add property 'z' to table 'X & Y'");
     CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[2]), "Type 'number' could not be converted into 'string'");
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[3]), "Cannot add property 'w' to table 'X & Y'");
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[3]), "Cannot add property 'w' to table '{| x: (number) -> number, y: (string) -> string |}'");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[3]), "Cannot add property 'w' to table 'X & Y'");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_write_sealed_indirect")
@@ -375,6 +387,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_intersection_setmetatable")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "error_detailed_intersection_part")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {{"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", false}};
+
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
 type X = { x: number }
 type Y = { y: number }
@@ -393,6 +407,8 @@ caused by:
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "error_detailed_intersection_all")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {{"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", false}};
+
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
 type X = { x: number }
 type Y = { y: number }
@@ -427,8 +443,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "no_stack_overflow_from_flattenintersection")
         repeat
         type t0 = ((any)|((any)&((any)|((any)&((any)|(any))))))&(t0)
         function _(l0):(t0)&(t0)
-        while nil do
+            while nil do
-        end
+            end
         end
         until _(_)(_)._
     )");

tests/TypeInfer.oop.test.cpp

@@ -199,16 +199,16 @@ end
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "nonstrict_self_mismatch_tail")
 {
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
---!nonstrict
+        --!nonstrict
-local f = {}
+        local f = {}
-function f:foo(a: number, b: number) end
+        function f:foo(a: number, b: number) end
 
-function bar(...)
+        function bar(...)
-    f.foo(f, 1, ...)
+            f.foo(f, 1, ...)
-end
+        end
 
-bar(2)
+        bar(2)
-)");
+    )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 

tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp

@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "primitive_arith_no_metatable")
     const FunctionTypeVar* functionType = get<FunctionTypeVar>(requireType("add"));
 
     std::optional<TypeId> retType = first(functionType->retType);
-    CHECK_EQ(std::optional<TypeId>(typeChecker.numberType), retType);
+    REQUIRE(retType.has_value());
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(*retType));
     CHECK_EQ(requireType("n"), typeChecker.numberType);
     CHECK_EQ(requireType("s"), typeChecker.stringType);
 }

tests/TypeInfer.provisional.test.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauEqConstraint)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
@@ -527,6 +528,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "invariant_table_properties_means_instantiating_table
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+// FIXME: Move this test to another source file when removing FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "do_not_ice_when_trying_to_pick_first_of_generic_type_pack")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag sff[]{
@@ -556,10 +558,19 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "do_not_ice_when_trying_to_pick_first_of_generic_type
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    // f and g should have the type () -> ()
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
-    CHECK_EQ("() -> (a...)", toString(requireType("f")));
+    {
-    CHECK_EQ("<a...>() -> (a...)", toString(requireType("g")));
+        CHECK_EQ("() -> ()", toString(requireType("f")));
-    CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireType("x"))); // any is returned instead of ICE for now
+        CHECK_EQ("() -> ()", toString(requireType("g")));
+        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireType("x")));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        // f and g should have the type () -> ()
+        CHECK_EQ("() -> (a...)", toString(requireType("f")));
+        CHECK_EQ("<a...>() -> (a...)", toString(requireType("g")));
+        CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireType("x"))); // any is returned instead of ICE for now
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "specialization_binds_with_prototypes_too_early")
@@ -575,6 +586,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "specialization_binds_with_prototypes_too_early")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "weird_fail_to_unify_type_pack")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", false},
+    };
+
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
         local function f() return end
         local g = function() return f() end
@@ -585,6 +600,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "weird_fail_to_unify_type_pack")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "weird_fail_to_unify_variadic_pack")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", false},
+    };
+
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
         --!strict
         local function f(...) return ... end
@@ -594,4 +613,112 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "weird_fail_to_unify_variadic_pack")
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result); // Should not have any errors.
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "lower_bounds_calculation_is_too_permissive_with_overloaded_higher_order_functions")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function foo(f)
+            f(5, 'a')
+            f('b', 6)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    // We incorrectly infer that the argument to foo could be called with (number, number) or (string, string)
+    // even though that is strictly more permissive than the actual source text shows.
+    CHECK("<a...>((number | string, number | string) -> (a...)) -> ()" == toString(requireType("foo")));
+}
+
+// Once fixed, move this to Normalize.test.cpp
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "normalization_fails_on_certain_kinds_of_cyclic_tables")
+{
+#if defined(_DEBUG) || defined(_NOOPT)
+    ScopedFastInt sfi("LuauNormalizeIterationLimit", 500);
+#endif
+
+    ScopedFastFlag flags[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    // We use a function and inferred parameter types to prevent intermediate normalizations from being performed.
+    // This exposes a bug where the type of y is mutated.
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function strange(x, y)
+            x.x = y
+            y.x = x
+
+            type R = {x: typeof(x)} & {x: typeof(y)}
+            local r: R
+
+            return r
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+
+    CHECK(nullptr != get<NormalizationTooComplex>(result.errors[0]));
+}
+
+// Belongs in TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp.
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "pcall_returns_at_least_two_value_but_function_returns_nothing")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function f(): () end
+        local ok, res = pcall(f)
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+    // LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    // CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("ok")));
+    // CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireType("res")));
+}
+
+// Belongs in TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp.
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "choose_the_right_overload_for_pcall")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function f(): number
+            if math.random() > 0.5 then
+                return 5
+            else
+                error("something")
+            end
+        end
+
+        local ok, res = pcall(f)
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("ok")));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireType("res")));
+    // CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireType("res")));
+}
+
+// Belongs in TypeInfer.builtins.test.cpp.
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "function_returns_many_things_but_first_of_it_is_forgotten")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function f(): (number, string, boolean)
+            if math.random() > 0.5 then
+                return 5, "hello", true
+            else
+                error("something")
+            end
+        end
+
+        local ok, res, s, b = pcall(f)
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("ok")));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireType("res")));
+    // CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireType("res")));
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireType("s")));
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireType("b")));
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
 #include "Luau/Scope.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
 
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauDiscriminableUnions2)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauWeakEqConstraint)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ struct RefinementClassFixture : Fixture
             {"Y", Property{typeChecker.numberType}},
             {"Z", Property{typeChecker.numberType}},
         };
+        normalize(vec3, arena, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
 
         TypeId inst = arena.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Instance", {}, std::nullopt, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
 
@@ -55,17 +58,21 @@ struct RefinementClassFixture : Fixture
         TypePackId isARets = arena.addTypePack({typeChecker.booleanType});
         TypeId isA = arena.addType(FunctionTypeVar{isAParams, isARets});
         getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(isA)->magicFunction = magicFunctionInstanceIsA;
+        normalize(isA, arena, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
 
         getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(inst)->props = {
             {"Name", Property{typeChecker.stringType}},
             {"IsA", Property{isA}},
         };
+        normalize(inst, arena, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
 
         TypeId folder = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Folder", {}, inst, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
+        normalize(folder, arena, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
         TypeId part = typeChecker.globalTypes.addType(ClassTypeVar{"Part", {}, inst, std::nullopt, {}, nullptr});
         getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(part)->props = {
             {"Position", Property{vec3}},
         };
+        normalize(part, arena, *typeChecker.iceHandler);
 
         typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Vector3"] = TypeFun{{}, vec3};
         typeChecker.globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["Instance"] = TypeFun{{}, inst};
@@ -697,7 +704,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_guard_can_filter_for_intersection_of_tables")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    CHECK_EQ("{| x: number |} & {| y: number |}", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ("{| x: number, y: number |}", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ("{| x: number |} & {| y: number |}", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
     CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
 }
 

tests/TypeInfer.singletons.test.cpp

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #include "doctest.h"
 #include "Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h"
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(BetterDiagnosticCodesInStudio)
-
 using namespace Luau;
 
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("TypeSingletons");
@@ -261,14 +259,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_properties_alias_or_parens_is_indexer")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    if (FFlag::BetterDiagnosticCodesInStudio)
+    CHECK_EQ("Cannot have more than one table indexer", toString(result.errors[0]));
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Cannot have more than one table indexer", toString(result.errors[0]));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Syntax error: Cannot have more than one table indexer", toString(result.errors[0]));
-    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_properties_type_error_escapes")

tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("TableTests");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "basic")
@@ -1211,7 +1213,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "pass_incompatible_union_to_a_generic_table_without_c
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK(get<TypeMismatch>(result.errors[0]));
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK(get<MissingProperties>(result.errors[0]));
+    else
+        CHECK(get<TypeMismatch>(result.errors[0]));
 }
 
 // This unit test could be flaky if the fix has regressed.
@@ -2922,6 +2927,60 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inferred_properties_of_a_table_should_start_with_the
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+// The real bug here was that we weren't always uncondionally typechecking a trailing return statement last.
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "dont_leak_free_table_props")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function a(state)
+            print(state.blah)
+        end
+
+        local function b(state) -- The bug was that we inferred state: {blah: any, gwar: any}
+            print(state.gwar)
+        end
+
+        return function()
+            return function(state)
+                a(state)
+                b(state)
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    CHECK_EQ("<a>({+ blah: a +}) -> ()", toString(requireType("a")));
+    CHECK_EQ("<a>({+ gwar: a +}) -> ()", toString(requireType("b")));
+    CHECK_EQ("() -> <a, b>({+ blah: a, gwar: b +}) -> ()", toString(getMainModule()->getModuleScope()->returnType));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "inferred_return_type_of_free_table")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[] = {
+        {"LuauLowerBoundsCalculation", true},
+    };
+
+    check(R"(
+        function Base64FileReader(data)
+            local reader = {}
+            local index: number
+
+            function reader:PeekByte()
+                return data:byte(index)
+            end
+
+            function reader:Byte()
+                return data:byte(index - 1)
+            end
+
+            return reader
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK_EQ("<a...>(t1) -> {| Byte: <b>(b) -> (a...), PeekByte: <c>(c) -> (a...) |} where t1 = {+ byte: (t1, number) -> (a...) +}",
+        toString(requireType("Base64FileReader")));
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "mixed_tables_with_implicit_numbered_keys")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauCheckImplicitNumbericKeys", true};

tests/TypeInfer.test.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFixLocationSpanTableIndexExpr)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauEqConstraint)
 
@@ -177,7 +178,6 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "weird_case")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    dumpErrors(result);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "dont_ice_when_failing_the_occurs_check")
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "exponential_blowup_from_copying_types")
 
 // In these tests, a successful parse is required, so we need the parser to return the AST and then we can test the recursion depth limit in type
 // checker. We also want it to somewhat match up with production values, so we push up the parser recursion limit a little bit instead.
-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "check_type_infer_recursion_limit")
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "check_type_infer_recursion_count")
 {
 #if defined(LUAU_ENABLE_ASAN)
     int limit = 250;
@@ -302,12 +302,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "check_type_infer_recursion_limit")
 #else
     int limit = 600;
 #endif
-    ScopedFastInt luauRecursionLimit{"LuauRecursionLimit", limit + 100};
-    ScopedFastInt luauTypeInferRecursionLimit{"LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit", limit - 100};
-    ScopedFastInt luauCheckRecursionLimit{"LuauCheckRecursionLimit", 0};
 
-    CHECK_NOTHROW(check("print('Hello!')"));
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauTableUseCounterInstead", true};
-    CHECK_THROWS_AS(check("function f() return " + rep("{a=", limit) + "'a'" + rep("}", limit) + " end"), std::runtime_error);
+    ScopedFastInt sfi{"LuauCheckRecursionLimit", limit};
+
+    CheckResult result = check("function f() return " + rep("{a=", limit) + "'a'" + rep("}", limit) + " end");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+    CHECK(nullptr != get<CodeTooComplex>(result.errors[0]));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "check_block_recursion_limit")
@@ -721,9 +723,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "no_heap_use_after_free_error")
         local l0
         do end
         while _ do
-        function _:_()
+            function _:_()
-        _ += _(_._(_:n0(xpcall,_)))
+                _ += _(_._(_:n0(xpcall,_)))
-        end
+            end
         end
     )");
 
@@ -978,4 +980,48 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cli_50041_committing_txnlog_in_apollo_client_error")
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_infer_recursion_limit_no_ice")
+{
+    ScopedFastInt sfi("LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit", 2);
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauRecursionLimitException", true};
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        function complex()
+          function _(l0:t0): (any, ()->())
+              return 0,_
+          end
+          type t0 = t0 | {}
+          _(nil)
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+    CHECK_EQ("Code is too complex to typecheck! Consider simplifying the code around this area", toString(result.errors[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "follow_on_new_types_in_substitution")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag substituteFollowNewTypes{"LuauSubstituteFollowNewTypes", true};
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local obj = {}
+
+        function obj:Method()
+            self.fieldA = function(object)
+                if object.a then
+                    self.arr[object] = true
+                elseif object.b then
+                    self.fieldB[object] = object:Connect(function(arg)
+                        self.arr[arg] = nil
+                    end)
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        return obj
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();

tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation);
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("TypePackTests");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_multi_return")
@@ -27,8 +29,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_multi_return")
     const auto& [returns, tail] = flatten(takeTwoType->retType);
 
     CHECK_EQ(2, returns.size());
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, returns[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(returns[0]));
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, returns[1]);
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(returns[1]));
 
     CHECK(!tail);
 }
@@ -74,9 +76,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "last_element_of_return_statement_can_itself_be_a_pac
     const auto& [rets, tail] = flatten(takeOneMoreType->retType);
 
     REQUIRE_EQ(3, rets.size());
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, rets[0]);
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(rets[0]));
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, rets[1]);
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(rets[1]));
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, rets[2]);
+    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, follow(rets[2]));
 
     CHECK(!tail);
 }
@@ -91,26 +93,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "higher_order_function")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    const FunctionTypeVar* applyType = get<FunctionTypeVar>(requireType("apply"));
+    CHECK_EQ("<a, b..., c...>((b...) -> (c...), (a) -> (b...), a) -> (c...)", toString(requireType("apply")));
-    REQUIRE(applyType != nullptr);
-
-    std::vector<TypeId> applyArgs = flatten(applyType->argTypes).first;
-    REQUIRE_EQ(3, applyArgs.size());
-
-    const FunctionTypeVar* fType = get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(applyArgs[0]));
-    REQUIRE(fType != nullptr);
-
-    const FunctionTypeVar* gType = get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(applyArgs[1]));
-    REQUIRE(gType != nullptr);
-
-    std::vector<TypeId> gArgs = flatten(gType->argTypes).first;
-    REQUIRE_EQ(1, gArgs.size());
-
-    // function(function(t1, T2...): (t3, T4...), function(t5): (t1, T2...), t5): (t3, T4...)
-
-    REQUIRE_EQ(*gArgs[0], *applyArgs[2]);
-    REQUIRE_EQ(toString(fType->argTypes), toString(gType->retType));
-    REQUIRE_EQ(toString(fType->retType), toString(applyType->retType));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "return_type_should_be_empty_if_nothing_is_returned")
@@ -328,7 +311,10 @@ local c: Packed<string, number, boolean>
     auto ttvA = get<TableTypeVar>(requireType("a"));
     REQUIRE(ttvA);
     CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("a")), "Packed<number>");
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("a"), {true}), "{| f: (number) -> (number) |}");
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("a"), {true}), "{| f: (number) -> number |}");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("a"), {true}), "{| f: (number) -> (number) |}");
     REQUIRE(ttvA->instantiatedTypeParams.size() == 1);
     REQUIRE(ttvA->instantiatedTypePackParams.size() == 1);
     CHECK_EQ(toString(ttvA->instantiatedTypeParams[0], {true}), "number");

tests/TypeInfer.unionTypes.test.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "doctest.h"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauEqConstraint)
 
 using namespace Luau;
@@ -254,11 +255,11 @@ local c = bf.a.y
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "optional_union_functions")
 {
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
-local a = {}
+        local a = {}
-function a.foo(x:number, y:number) return x + y end
+        function a.foo(x:number, y:number) return x + y end
-type A = typeof(a)
+        type A = typeof(a)
-local b: A? = a
+        local b: A? = a
-local c = b.foo(1, 2)
+        local c = b.foo(1, 2)
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
@@ -356,7 +357,10 @@ a.x = 2
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ("Value of type '({| x: number |} & {| y: number |})?' could be nil", toString(result.errors[0]));
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
+        CHECK_EQ("Value of type '{| x: number, y: number |}?' could be nil", toString(result.errors[0]));
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ("Value of type '({| x: number |} & {| y: number |})?' could be nil", toString(result.errors[0]));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "optional_length_error")
@@ -533,8 +537,13 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table_union_write_indirect")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
     // NOTE: union normalization will improve this message
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
-        R"(Type '(string) -> number' could not be converted into '((number) -> string) | ((number) -> string)'; none of the union options are compatible)");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type '(string) -> number' could not be converted into '(number) -> string'\n"
+                                             "caused by:\n"
+                                             "  Argument #1 type is not compatible. Type 'number' could not be converted into 'string'");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            R"(Type '(string) -> number' could not be converted into '((number) -> string) | ((number) -> string)'; none of the union options are compatible)");
 }
 
 

tests/conformance/nextvar.lua

@@ -581,4 +581,19 @@ do
   assert(#arr == 5)
 end
 
+-- test boundary invariant maintenance when table is filled using SETLIST opcode
+do
+  local arr = {[2]=2,1}
+  assert(#arr == 2)
+end
+
+-- test boundary invariant maintenance when table is filled using table.move
+do
+  local t1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+  local t2 = {[6] = 6}
+
+  table.move(t1, 1, 5, 1, t2)
+  assert(#t2 == 6)
+end
+
 return"OK"